{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:25Z","timestamp":1787028325638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Jurisdictions around the world have a self-declared mandate to reduce gambling-related harm. However, historically, this concept has suffered from poor conceptualisation and operationalisation. However, recent years have seen swift advances in measuring gambling harm, based on the principle of it being a quantifiable decrement to the health and wellbeing of the gambler and those connected to them. This review takes stock of the background and recent developments in harm assessment and summarises recent research that has validated and applied the Short Gambling Harms Screen and related instruments. We recommend that future work builds upon the considerable psychometric evidence accumulated for the feasibility of direct elicitation of harmful consequences. We also advocate for grounding harms measures with respect to scalar changes to public health utility metrics. Such an approach will avoid misleading pseudo-clinical categorisations, provide accurate population-level summaries of where the burden of harm is carried, and serve to integrate gambling research with the broader field of public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1619009227000},"page":"4395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Evolution of Gambling-Related Harm Measurement: Lessons from the Last Decade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Browne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Tulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cailem","family":"Murray-Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Rockloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09813-z","article-title":"A framework for indirect elicitation of the public health impact of gambling problems","volume":"20","author":"Browne","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00130-8","article-title":"The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-36","volume":"21","author":"Brazier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden-Jones, H., Dickson, C., Dunand, C., and Simon, O. (2019). Measuring harm from gambling and estimating its distribution in the population. Harm Reduction for Gambling: A Public Health Approach, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429490750"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10337-3","article-title":"Is there a health inequality in gambling related harms? A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Raybould","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0265-3","article-title":"A mapping review of research on gambling harm in three regulatory environments","volume":"16","author":"Baxter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00024","article-title":"The conceptual framework of harmful gambling: A revised framework for understanding gambling harm","volume":"9","author":"Hilbrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2747-0","article-title":"Understanding gambling related harm: A proposed definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms","volume":"16","author":"Langham","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01392.x","article-title":"Risk of harm among gamblers in the general population as a function of level of participation in gambling activities","volume":"101","author":"Currie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790802652209","article-title":"Defining a threshold of harm from gambling for population health surveillance research","volume":"9","author":"Currie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13909","article-title":"Deriving low-risk gambling limits from longitudinal data collected in two independent Canadian studies","volume":"112","author":"Currie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13178","article-title":"The relationship between player losses and gambling-related harm: Evidence from nationally representative cross-sectional surveys in four countries","volume":"111","author":"Markham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gerstein, D., Hoffman, J., Larison, C., Engelman, L., Murphy, S., Palmer, A., Chuchro, L., Toce, M., Johnson, R., and Buie, T. (1999). Gambling Impact and Behavior Study, National Opinion Research Centre. Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.023","article-title":"The extent and distribution of gambling-related harms and the prevention paradox in a British population survey","volume":"5","author":"Canale","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku210","article-title":"The extent and distribution of gambling harm in Finland as assessed by the Problem Gambling Severity Index","volume":"25","author":"Raisamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9298-9","article-title":"Gambling-related harms among adolescents: A population-based study","volume":"29","author":"Raisamo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09892-7","article-title":"Adolescent gambling, gambling expenditure and gambling-related harms in Finland, 2011\u20132017","volume":"36","author":"Raisamo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9388-3","article-title":"Gambling harms and gambling help-seeking amongst Indigenous Australians","volume":"30","author":"Hing","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4056-7","article-title":"Attitudes towards gambling, gambling participation, and gambling-related harm: Cross-sectional Finnish population studies in 2011 and 2015","volume":"17","author":"Salonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09916-2","article-title":"Measuring behavioural dependence in gambling: A case for removing harmful consequences from the assessment of problem gambling pathology","volume":"36","author":"Browne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.12.016","article-title":"Locating gambling problems across a continuum of severity: Rasch analysis of the Quinte Longitudinal Study (QLS)","volume":"92","author":"Cowlishaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731","article-title":"The classification accuracy of four problem gambling assessment instruments in population research","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Stevens, M., Gupta, H., and Flack, M. (2019). Northern Territory Gambling Prevalence and Wellbeing Survey Report 2018, Menzies School of Health Research."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Browne, M., Greer, N., Armstrong, T., Doran, C., Kinchin, I., Langham, E., and Rockloff, M. (2017). The Social Cost of Gambling to Victoria."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Williams, R.J., Rehm, J., and Stevens, R. (2011). The Social and Economic Impacts of Gambling, University of Lethbridge."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wardle, H., Reith, G., Best, D., McDaid, D., and Platt, S. (2018). Measuring Gambling-Related Harms: A Framework for Action."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Anielski, M., and Braaten, A. (2008). The Socio-Economic Impact of Gambling (SEIG) Framework, Anielski Management Inc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Productivity Commission (1999). Australia\u2019s Gambling Industries."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"McDaid, D., and Patel, A. (2019). Measuring Gambling-related Harms: Methodologies & Data Scoping Study, London School of Economics and Political Science."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000135827.18610.0d","article-title":"The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-12","volume":"42","author":"Brazier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1882-8","article-title":"A tale of two countries: Comparing disability weights for gambling problems in New Zealand and Australia","volume":"27","author":"Rawat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Tovim, D., Esterman, A., Tolchard, B., and Battersby, M. (2001). The Victorian Gambling Screen.","DOI":"10.1037\/t75057-000"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9172-6","article-title":"The Victorian Gambling Screen: Reliability and validation in a clinical population","volume":"26","author":"Tolchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-013-9441-6","article-title":"The Victorian Gambling Screen: Validity and reliability in an adolescent population","volume":"11","author":"Tolchard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790600927845","article-title":"Measuring problem gambling: Assessment of three prevalence screens","volume":"6","author":"McMillen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Williams, R.J., and Volberg, R.A. (2010). Best Practices in the Population Assessment of Problem Gambling, University of Lethbridge."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9442-9","article-title":"Reliability and validity of three instruments (DSM-IV, CPGI, and PPGM) in the assessment of problem gambling in South Korea","volume":"31","author":"Back","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Williams, R.J., Hann, R.G., Schopflocher, D.P., West, B.L., McLaughlin, P., White, N., King, K., and Flexhaug, T. (2015). Quinte Longitudinal Study of Gambling and Problem Gambling, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09832-5","article-title":"The multidimensional structure of problem gambling: An evaluation of four gambling categorization instruments from an international online survey of gamblers","volume":"35","author":"Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Browne, M., Langham, E., Rawat, V., Greer, N., Li, E., Rose, J., Rockloff, M., Donaldson, P., Thorne, H., and Goodwin, B. (2016). Assessing Gambling-Related Harm in Victoria: A Public Health Perspective."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Blaszczynski, A., Anjoul, F., Shannon, K., Keen, B., Pickering, D., and Wieczorek, M. (2016). Gambling Harm Minimisation Report."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1333131","article-title":"Mapping the proportional distribution of gambling-related harms in a clinical and com-munity sample","volume":"17","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Gamb. Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2019.1622001","article-title":"Gambling related harms\u2014Community and clinical comparisons","volume":"28","author":"Angus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.41","article-title":"Prevalence of gambling-related harm provides evidence for the prevention paradox","volume":"7","author":"Browne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9698-y","article-title":"Validation of the short gambling harm screen (SGHS): A tool for assessment of harms from gambling","volume":"34","author":"Browne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1304973","article-title":"A population-level metric for gambling-related harm","volume":"17","author":"Browne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"28","article-title":"What is the harm? Applying a public health methodology to measure the impact of gambling problems and harm on quality of life","volume":"36","author":"Browne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gamb. Issues"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.022","article-title":"Prevention paradox logic and problem gambling: Does low-risk gambling impose a greater burden of harm than high-risk gambling?","volume":"6","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09844-1","article-title":"Challenges in the conceptualization and measurement of gambling-related harm","volume":"35","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"170","article-title":"Opportunity cost and gambling: Distinguishing between competing activities and harm","volume":"44","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"103","article-title":"Evaluating the reliability and validity of the short gambling harm screen: Are binary scales worse than likert scales at capturing gambling harm?","volume":"44","author":"Mclauchlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle, C.M., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., and Flenady, T. (2021). Opportunity costs or not? Validating the short gambling harm screen against a set of \u201cunimpeachable\u201d negative impacts. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030549"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Murray Boyle, C., Browne, M., and Rockloff, M. (2021, March 24). Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS) Items Predict Lower Health-Related Quality of Life, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28578519\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Acil Allen Consulting, Deakin University, Central Queensland University, and The Social Research Centre (2017). Fourth Social and Economic Impact Study of Gambling in Tasmania: Report 2."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, M., Hing, N., Rockloff, M., Russell, A.M.T., Greer, N., Nicoll, F., and Smith, G. (2019). A Multivariate evaluation of 25 proximal and distal risk-factors for gambling-related harm. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040509"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowling, N., Greenwood, C., Merkouris, S., Youssef, G., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., and Myers, P. (2021). The identification of low-risk gambling limits using alternative measures of gambling-related harm. J. Behav. Addict., in press.","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00012"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106574","article-title":"Exploring the associations between gambling cravings, self-efficacy, and gam-bling episodes: An ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"112","author":"Hawker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hing, N., Browne, M., Russell, A.M.T., Rockloff, M., Rawat, V., Nicoll, F., and Smith, G. (2019). Avoiding gambling harm: An evidence-based set of safe gambling practices for consumers. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224083"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Hing, N., Russell, A., Rawat, V., Rockloff, M., and Browne, M. (2018). Evaluation of the My Moola Indigenous Money Management Program as a Gambling Harm Minimisation Tool, CQ University."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Jenkinson, R., Khokhar, T., Tajin, R., Jatkar, U., and Deblaquiere, J. (2019). National Consumer Protection Framework for Online Wagering: Baseline Study."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newall, P.W.S., Cassidy, R., Walasek, L., Ludvig, E.A., and Meyer, C. (2020). Who uses custom sports betting products?. Addict. Res. Theory, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/2hdbj"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Paterson, M., Leslie, P., and Taylor, M. (2019). 2019 ACT Gambling Survey, Centre for Gambling Research."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09925-1","article-title":"Free-spins spur gamblers to quit EGMs early: An online EGM study","volume":"36","author":"Rockloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Rockloff, M., Browne, M., Hing, N., Thorne, H., Russell, A., Green, N., Tran, K., Brook, K., and Sproston, K. (2019). Victorian Population Gambling and Health Study."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09829-0","article-title":"\u201cIt was terrible. I didn\u2019t set a limit\u201d: Proximal and distal prevention strategies for reducing risk of a bust in gambling venues","volume":"35","author":"Rodda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gamb. Stud."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Russell, A., Armstrong, T., Rockloff, M., Greer, N., Hing, N., and Browne, M. (2020). Exploring the Changing Landscape of Gambling in Childhood, Adolescence and Young Adulthood."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Russell, A., Langham, E., Hing, N., and Rawat, V. (2018). Social Influences of Gamblers by Risk Group: An Egocentric Social Network Analysis."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Salonen, A., Lind, K., Castren, S., Lahdenkari, M., Selin, J., Jarvinen-Tassopoulos, J., Kontto, J., and Hellman, M. (2019). Gambling Harms Survey 2016\u20132017, National Institute for Health and Welfare."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Woods, A., Sproston, K., Brook, K., Delfabbro, P., and O\u2019Neil, M. (2018). Gambling Prevalence in South Australia, ORC International."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1455072518765875","article-title":"Gambling participation, gambling habits, gambling-related harm, and opinions on gambling advertising in Finland in 2016","volume":"35","author":"Salonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09845-0","article-title":"A quantification of the net consumer surplus from gambling participation","volume":"35","author":"Rockloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09862-z","article-title":"Contrasting effects of gambling consumption and gambling problems on subjective wellbeing","volume":"35","author":"Blackman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr178","article-title":"Does the prevention paradox apply to various alcohol habits and problems among Swedish adolescents?","volume":"22","author":"Romelsjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00018","article-title":"The prevention paradox applies to some but not all gambling harms: Results from a Finnish population-representative survey","volume":"9","author":"Browne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Browne, M., Rockloff, M., Hing, N., Russell, A., Murray Boyle, C., Rawat, V., Tran, K., Brook, K., and Sproston, K. (2019). NSW Gambling Survey, 2019."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Browne, M., Bellringer, M., Greer, N., Kolandai-Matchett, K., Rawat, V., Langham, E., Rockloff, M., Du Preez, K.P., and Abbott, M. (2017). Measuring the Burden of Gambling Harm in New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00041","article-title":"Positive play and its relationship with gambling harms and benefits","volume":"2","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2021, March 24). EQ-5D. Available online: https:\/\/euroqol.org\/eq-5d-instruments\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:33Z","timestamp":1760161833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}