{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:29:12Z","timestamp":1788488952049,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005902","name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most U.S. incarceration occurs in jails, with more than 10 million annual admissions, and most individuals in jail are parents of minor children. In this short-term longitudinal study, we examined the health and development of young children who did or did not witness their parent\u2019s arrest prior to parental jail incarceration. 228 individuals in 76 triads (incarcerated parents, children, at-home caregivers) were enrolled from four jails in two states. Jailed parents and caregivers reported on whether the child witnessed the parent\u2019s arrest or crime. Children\u2019s caregivers completed questionnaires about children\u2019s emotional symptoms during the prior 6 months and demographics, as well as children\u2019s emotional reactions to separation from the parent and child health at the initial assessment and 2 weeks later. Trained researchers conducted a developmental assessment with children while waiting to visit parents. Results of regression-based moderated mediation analyses indicated that when their emotional symptoms were high, children who witnessed parental arrest were more likely to have poorer health initially and more intense negative reactions to the parent leaving for jail. In addition, when children\u2019s general emotional symptoms were low, children who witnessed their parent\u2019s arrest were more likely to exhibit developmental delays, especially in their early academic skills, compared to children who did not witness the arrest. Witnessing the parent\u2019s crime related to missed milestones in social and adaptive development. Findings have implications for policies regarding safeguarding children during parental arrest and referrals for health- and development-promotion services following parental criminal justice system involvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"4512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Health and Development of Young Children Who Witnessed Their Parent\u2019s Arrest Prior to Parental Jail Incarceration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Poehlmann-Tynan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0969-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Muentner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Pritzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Cuthrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Hindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Shlafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddy, J.M., and Poehlmann-Tynan, J. 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