{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:15:44Z","timestamp":1788542144428,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a common complication of pregnancy and a global public health concern. Even though PPH risk factors were extensively studied and reported in literature, almost all studies were conducted in non-Asian countries or tertiary care centers. Our study aimed to explore relevant risk factors for PPH among pregnant women who underwent transvaginal delivery at a Thai\u2013Myanmar border community hospital in Northern Thailand. An exploratory nested case-control study was conducted to explore risk factors for PPH. Women who delivered transvaginal births at Maesai hospital from 2014 to 2018 were included. Two PPH definitions were used, which were \u2265 500 mL and 1000 mL of estimated blood loss within 24 h after delivery. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to identify significant risk factors for PPH and severe PPH. Of 4774 women with vaginal births, there were 265 (5.55%) PPH cases. Eight factors were identified as independent predictors for PPH and severe PPH: elderly pregnancy, minority groups, nulliparous, previous PPH history, BMI \u2265 35 kg\/m2, requiring manual removal of placenta, labor augmentation, and fetal weight &gt; 4000 gm. Apart from clinical factors, particular attention should be given to pregnant women who were minority groups as PPH risk significantly increased in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1619504351000},"page":"4633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage in a Thai\u2013Myanmar Border Community Hospital: A Nested Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Waraporn","family":"Thepampan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor Unit, Maesai Hospital, Chiang Rai 57130, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuchsara","family":"Eungapithum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Maesai Hospital, Chiang Rai 57130, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8052-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krittai","family":"Tanasombatkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phichayut","family":"Phinyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X","article-title":"Global Causes of Maternal Death: A WHO Systematic Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Say","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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