{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:17:34Z","timestamp":1775161054956,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-099117-B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-099117-B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune activation during early developmental stages has been proposed as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and autism in both human and animal studies. However, its relationship with the vulnerability to inhibitory control deficit, which is a shared feature among those conditions, remains unclear. The present work studied whether postnatal immune activation during early adolescence, combined with exposure to early-life adverse events, could lead to adult vulnerability to impulsive and\/or compulsive behaviors. Male Wistar rats were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in early adolescence at postnatal day 26 (PND26). During peripuberal period, half of the animals were exposed to a mild stress protocol. In adulthood, behavioral assessment was performed with the aid of the sustained attentional 5-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task, schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), and open-field locomotor activity and novelty reactivity. Rats exposed to LPS showed more compulsive responses than their control counterparts on 5-CSRT task, although no differences were observed in SIP or locomotor responses. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between immune activation and inhibitory control deficit. Future studies should aim to disentangle how, and to what extent, immune activation impacts behavior, and to understand the role of early life mild stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T10:41:58Z","timestamp":1619606518000},"page":"4684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increased Compulsivity in Adulthood after Early Adolescence Immune Activation: Preclinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Santiago","family":"Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Prados-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.41","article-title":"The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats","volume":"3","author":"Bari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.185","article-title":"Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: A narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Fineberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.009","article-title":"Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: Towards dimensional psychiatry","volume":"16","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01323.x","article-title":"The utility of rat models of impulsivity in developing pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders","volume":"164","author":"Winstanley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.003","article-title":"Compulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictions","volume":"26","author":"Figee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900002467","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and dimensional issues","volume":"12","author":"Hollander","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, C., and Jacobs, B. (2010). Role of Central Serotonin in Impulsivity and Compulsivity: Comparative Studies in Experimental Animals and Humans. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.005","article-title":"Brain circuitry of compulsivity","volume":"26","author":"Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Orefici, G., Cardona, F., Cox, C.J., and Cunningham, M.W. (2016). Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). Streptococcus Pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.001","article-title":"Treatment of PANDAS and PANS: A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Sigra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001542","article-title":"PANDAS: Current status and directions for research","volume":"9","author":"Snider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.023","article-title":"The epidemiologic evidence linking autoimmune diseases and psychosis","volume":"75","author":"Benros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2058","article-title":"Association between streptococcal infection and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette\u2019s syndrome, and tic disorder","volume":"116","author":"Mell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040802186899","article-title":"Executive and attention functioning among children in the PANDAS subgroup","volume":"15","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.364","article-title":"Preliminary findings of antistreptococcal antibody titers and basal ganglia volumes in tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorders","volume":"57","author":"Peterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2000.10.133","article-title":"Infection-triggered anorexia nervosa in children: Clinical description of four cases","volume":"10","author":"Sokol","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1430","article-title":"D8\/17 expression on B lymphocytes in anorexia nervosa","volume":"159","author":"Sokol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181825a3d","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection: A case-control study among privately insured children","volume":"47","author":"Leslie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.2.317","article-title":"B lymphocyte antigen D8\/17 and repetitive behaviors in autism","volume":"156","author":"Hollander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2174\/156720206776875894","article-title":"Autoantibodies associated with psychiatric disorders","volume":"3","author":"Margutti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.02.027","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric consequences of childhood group A streptococcal infection: A systematic review of preclinical models","volume":"86","author":"Mora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(12)70937-4","article-title":"Maternal immune activation leads to age-related behavioral and immunological changes in male rat offspring-The effect of antipsychotic drugs","volume":"64","author":"Slusarczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00360-8","article-title":"Prenatal immune challenge disrupts sensorimotor gating in adult rats: Implications for the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Borrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3775","article-title":"Neonatal Immune Challenge with Lipopolysaccharide Triggers Long-lasting Sex- and Age-related Behavioral and Immune\/Neurotrophic Alterations in Mice: Relevance to Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"55","author":"Mello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.04.016","article-title":"Effects of prenatal infection on prepulse inhibition in the rat depend on the nature of the infectious agent and the stage of pregnancy","volume":"181","author":"Fortier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.44","article-title":"Ontogeny of sensorimotor gating and immune impairment induced by prenatal immune challenge in rats: Implications for the etiopathology of schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.10.004","article-title":"Prenatal LPS-exposure-a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia-differentially affects cognitive functions, myelination and parvalbumin expression in male and female offspring","volume":"57","author":"Wischhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.003","article-title":"Strain-dependent effects of prenatal maternal immune activation on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in offspring","volume":"37","author":"Babri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.08.015","article-title":"Maternal infection during late pregnancy increases anxiety- and depression-like behaviors with increasing age in male offspring","volume":"87","author":"Enayati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2012.12.004","article-title":"Neonatal treatment with lipopolysaccharide differentially affects adult anxiety responses in the light-dark test and taste neophobia test in male and female rats","volume":"31","author":"Tenk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.12.022","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics on metabolic and behavioral alterations in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Fourrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.10.019","article-title":"Effects of \u03c9-3 fatty acids on stereotypical behavior and social interactions in Wistar rats prenatally exposed to lipopolysaccarides","volume":"35","author":"Fortunato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.03.009","article-title":"Prenatal lipopolysaccharide reduces motor activity after an immune challenge in adult male offspring","volume":"211","author":"Kirsten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.11.025","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide exposure during late embryogenesis results in diminished locomotor activity and amphetamine response in females and spatial cognition impairment in males in adult, but not adolescent rat offspring","volume":"299","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.09.009","article-title":"Do prenatal immune activation and maternal iron deficiency interact to affect neurodevelopment and early behavior in rat offspring?","volume":"35","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.09.002","article-title":"The impact of murine LRRK2 G2019S transgene overexpression on acute responses to inflammatory challenge","volume":"67","author":"Litteljohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.06.002","article-title":"Distinct alterations in motor & reward seeking behavior are dependent on the gestational age of exposure to LPS-induced maternal immune activation","volume":"63","author":"Straley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.02.022","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) expression, synaptic alteration, and learning-memory deficit in rats","volume":"209","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.01.004","article-title":"Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure impairs sexual development and reproductive success in the Wistar rat","volume":"25","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.013","article-title":"Prenatal lipopolysaccharide induces hypothalamic dopaminergic hypoactivity and autistic-like behaviors: Repetitive self-grooming and stereotypies","volume":"331","author":"Kirsten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.010","article-title":"Increased vulnerability to impulsive behavior after streptococcal antigen exposure and antibiotic treatment in rats","volume":"89","author":"Mora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.06.006","article-title":"Stress, psychiatric disorders, molecular targets, and more","volume":"167","author":"Atrooz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp103","article-title":"Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients\u2019 retrospective reports of childhood abuse","volume":"37","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228261","article-title":"Stress in puberty unmasks latent neuropathological consequences of prenatal immune activation in mice","volume":"339","author":"Giovanoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"624","article-title":"The Laboratory Rat: Relating Its Age with Human\u2019s","volume":"4","author":"Sengupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"178","article-title":"Early adolescent stress alters behavior and the HPA axis response in male and female adult rats: The relevance of the nature and duration of the stressor","volume":"133","author":"Franci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)02002-0","article-title":"Comparisons of the acute effects of cholinesterase inhibitors using a neurobehavioral screening battery in rats","volume":"17","author":"Moser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.10.008","article-title":"Long-term functional neurotoxicity of paraoxon and chlorpyrifos: Behavioural and pharmacological evidence","volume":"26","author":"Flores","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(83)90138-9","article-title":"Effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurones on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction task in rats; implications for theories of dorsal noradrenergic bundle function based on selective attention and arousal","volume":"9","author":"Carli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1154-7","article-title":"The 5-choice serial reaction time task: Behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry","volume":"163","author":"Robbins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.224","article-title":"Impulsivity characterization in the roman high-and low-avoidance rat strains: Behavioral and neurochemical differences","volume":"35","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2575-y","article-title":"Poor inhibitory control and neurochemical differences in high compulsive drinker rats selected by schedule-induced polydipsia","volume":"219","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0107-3","article-title":"Attentional and motivational deficits in rats withdrawn from intravenous self-administration of cocaine or heroin","volume":"182","author":"Dalley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63646-9","article-title":"Impulsivity is a heritable trait in rodents and associated with a novel quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1","volume":"10","author":"Jupp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1059-6","article-title":"Individual differences in schedule-induced polydipsia and the role of gabaergic and dopaminergic systems","volume":"197","author":"Flores","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00077-6","article-title":"Cytokine-induced sickness behavior","volume":"17","author":"Kelley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Imm."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2151","article-title":"Reference curves for assessing the physical growth of male Wistar rats","volume":"28","author":"Campos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7114773","article-title":"Metabolic and hematological consequences of dietary deoxynivalenol interacting with systemic Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide","volume":"7","author":"Bannert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IUPS Thermal Commission (1987). Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Pflug. Arch., 410, 567\u2013587.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586542"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.17.1870","article-title":"Concepts of fever","volume":"158","author":"Mackowiak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130033","article-title":"Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: Lessons from experimental LPS fever","volume":"4","author":"Roth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesch, T., Bannert, E., Kluess, J., Frahm, J., Kersten, S., Breves, G., Renner, L., Kahlert, S., Rothk\u00f6tter, H.J., and D\u00e4nicke, S. (2016). Does dietary deoxynivalenol modulate the acute phase reaction in endotoxaemic pigs?\u2014Lessons from clinical signs, white blood cell counts, and TNF-Alpha. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8010003"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12684","article-title":"Relationships between body temperatures and inflammation indicators under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in pigs exposed to systemic lipopolysaccharide and dietary deoxynivalenol","volume":"102","author":"Tesch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05827.x","article-title":"Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"933","author":"Dantzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00126.2014","article-title":"Recent advances in thermoregulation","volume":"39","author":"Tansey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.020","article-title":"Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Top-Down Cognitive Control","volume":"69","author":"Dalley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.11.018","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition in psychiatric disorders--apart from schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Kohl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05397-8","article-title":"Ketamine induces immediate and delayed alterations of OCD-like behavior","volume":"237","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.77","article-title":"Passive transfer of streptococcus-induced antibodies reproduces behavioral disturbances in a mouse model of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection","volume":"15","author":"Yaddanapudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.56","article-title":"Behavioral, pharmacological, and immunological abnormalities after streptococcal exposure: A novel rat model of Sydenham chorea and related neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"37","author":"Brimberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotan, D., Cunningham, M., and Joel, D. (2014). Antibiotic treatment attenuates behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by exposure of rats to group a streptococcal antigen. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101257"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.005","article-title":"Anti-streptococcus IgM antibodies induce repetitive stereotyped movements: Cell activation and co-localization with Fcalpha\/mu receptors in the striatum and motor cortex","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2331-12.2013","article-title":"Prenatal stress induces schizophrenia-like alterations of serotonin 2A and metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors in the adult offspring: Role of maternal immune system","volume":"33","author":"Holloway","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2570-3","article-title":"Schedule-induced polydipsia as a model of compulsive behavior: Neuropharmacological and neuroendocrine bases","volume":"219","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0547-4","article-title":"Vulnerability of long-term neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: Effect on schedule-induced polydipsia and a delay discounting task","volume":"189","author":"Cardona","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9149-3","article-title":"Impulsivity as long-term sequelae after chlorpyrifos intoxication: Time course and individual differences","volume":"19","author":"Cardona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)01071-7","article-title":"Strain-dependent differences in schedule-induced polydipsia: An assessment in Lewis and Fischer rats","volume":"74","author":"DeCarolis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.017","article-title":"Schedule-induced polydipsia in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and its relation to impulsive behaviour","volume":"223","author":"Ibias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00426-3","article-title":"Lewis\/Fischer rat strain differences in endocrine and behavioural responses to environmental challenge","volume":"67","author":"Szuran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"e12489","article-title":"Excessive habit formation in schedule-induced polydipsia: Microstructural analysis of licking among rat strains and involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Mora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes. Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0887-03.2004","article-title":"A murine model for neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13257","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13257","article-title":"Mice repeatedly exposed to Group-A beta-Haemolytic Streptococcus show perseverative behaviors, impaired sensorimotor gating, and immune activation in rostral diencephalon","volume":"5","author":"Macri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0034","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections and childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"20","author":"Bernstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199903000-00017","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS)","volume":"18","author":"Shulman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.142","article-title":"An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction","volume":"35","author":"Flagel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-51","article-title":"Deficits in fine motor skills in a genetic animal model of ADHD","volume":"6","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.08.004","article-title":"The spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD--the importance of selecting the appropriate reference strain","volume":"57","author":"Sagvolden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.112.4.885","article-title":"Correlational relationship between shock intensity and corticosterone secretion on the establishment and subsequent expression of contextual fear conditioning","volume":"112","author":"Cordero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00023","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae Endopeptidase O (PepO) Elicits a Strong Innate Immune Response in Mice via TLR2 and TLR4 Signaling Pathways","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.10.003","article-title":"Autoimmune neurological disorders associated with group-A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection","volume":"35","author":"Hachiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815577784","article-title":"Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus Immunology: A Pilot Study","volume":"153","author":"Walls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.9.321","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus, Bispan strain, modulates natural killer cell and T cell subset populations and immunoglobulin G levels in human subjects","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0043","article-title":"The immunobiology of Tourette\u2019s disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus, and related disorders: A way forward","volume":"20","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:54:31Z","timestamp":1760162071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094684","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}}}