{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:15:24Z","timestamp":1792804524087,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EO-104-SP-01; EM-105-SP-16; EM-108-PP-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EO-104-SP-01; EM-105-SP-16; EM-108-PP-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nationwide Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study","award":["EH-103-SP-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EH-103-SP-02"]}]},{"name":"research program for maternal and child health that was sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","award":["108-2321-B-400-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2321-B-400-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["CSH-2016 -C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSH-2016 -C-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01abtsn51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have indicated that prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cause adverse neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the association between the concentrations of prenatal EDCs and brain structure changes in teenagers by using MRI. We recruited 49 mother\u2013child pairs during the third trimester of pregnancy, and collected and examined the concentration of EDCs\u2014including phthalate esters, perfluorochemicals (PFCs), and heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury)\u2014in maternal urine and\/or serum. MRI voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI) mapping\u2014including generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), normalized quantitative anisotropy (NQA), and the isotropic value of the orientation distribution function (ISO)\u2014were obtained in teenagers 13\u201316 years of age in order to find the association between maternal EDC concentrations and possible brain structure alterations in the teenagers\u2019 brains. We found that there are several specific vulnerable brain areas\/structures associated with prenatal exposure to EDCs, including decreased focal brain volume, primarily in the frontal lobe; high frontoparietal lobe, temporooccipital lobe and cerebellum; and white matter structural alterations, which showed a negative association with GFA\/NQA and a positive association with ISO, primarily in the corpus callosum, external and internal capsules, corona radiata, superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Prenatal exposure to EDCs may be associated with specific brain structure alterations in teenagers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1619759455000},"page":"4798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Subsequent Brain Structure Changes Revealed by Voxel-Based Morphometry and Generalized Q-Sampling MRI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3571-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Yu","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Cheng","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor Program in Artificial Intelligence, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeng-Dau","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pen-Hua","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chih","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.05.001","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of dibutyl phthalate in brain development following perinatal exposure: A study in rats","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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