{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:37:50Z","timestamp":1776361070171,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (Dm1) is a chronic endocrine and metabolic disease that affects the whole person and requires active, decisive treatment. However, personality traits may influence a patient\u2019s adherence to treatment guidelines. The objective of this work is firstly to identify the 3 Asendorpf personality prototypes (resilient, undercontrolled and overcontrolled) in a sample of Dm1 individuals and determine whether there are any differences in comparison with a control sample; and, secondly, to study their association with adherence to self-care guidelines using both physiological indicators (HbA1C) and self-report measures. To achieve these objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample comprised 294 participants, of whom 104 were people with Dm1 and 190 were controls. The participants, aged between 14 and 34 years, were classified by their scores in NEO-FFI-R, according to the personality characteristics inherent to Asendorpf\u2019s prototypes. Asendorpf\u2019s 3 prototypical personality patterns were found both in the group of people with Dm1 and in the control sample. These patterns showed different degrees of association with adherence to self-care guidelines for this disease and with psychological health factors. Importance should therefore be attached to the personality traits and Asendorpf prototypes of people with Dm1 when proposing interventions to address medical, psychological, and behavioral aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"4818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Personality Prototypes in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Relationship with Adherence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Urbano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-7930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Herruzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2021). Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care, 44, 553\u2013572.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S005"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2020). Improving Care and Promoting Health in Populations: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care, 43, 7\u201313.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S001"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14190","article-title":"A systematic review of adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours: Evidence from low- and middle- income countries","volume":"75","author":"Mogre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avdiab.2013.01.001","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico y manejo del paciente adulto con diabetes tipo1A al inicio de la enfermedad","volume":"29","author":"Serra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Av. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.4.731","article-title":"Interpersonal Predictors of HbA1c in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Ciechanowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600005990","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus as a Model of Psychosomatic and Somatopsychic Interrelationships","volume":"9","author":"Wasserman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2012.00329.x","article-title":"Personality Traits as Predictors of Adherence in Adolescents with Type I Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Wheeler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000782","article-title":"Treatment Adherence Perception Questionnaire: Assessing patient perceptions regarding their adherence to medical treatment plans","volume":"32","author":"Sandford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez P\u00e9rez, M., Fern\u00e1ndez Hermida, J., Fern\u00e1ndez Rodr\u00edguez, C., and Amigo V\u00e1zquez, I. (2003). Tratamientos Eficaces en Diabetes. Gu\u00eda de Tratamientos Psicol\u00f3gicos Eficaces II, Editorial Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316669580","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with diabetes self-management among adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.322","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health","volume":"119","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cooper, L.D. (2014). Personality Traits, Personality Disorder Dimensions, and Physical Health: The Predictive Ability of Self and Informant Reports. [Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.887","article-title":"Conscientiousness and Health-Related Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of the Leading Behavioral Contributors to Mortality","volume":"130","author":"Bogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2006.00441.x","article-title":"Personality as Risk and Resilience in Physical Health","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198116639289","article-title":"Emotional and behavioral aspects of diabetes in American Indians\/Alaska Natives: A systematic literature review","volume":"44","author":"Scarton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1344254","article-title":"Type D personality, but not Type A behavior pattern, is associated with coronary plaque vulnerability","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-008-9057-4","article-title":"Type D Patients Report Poorer Health Status Prior to and After Cardiac Rehabilitation Compared to Non-Type D Patients","volume":"36","author":"Pelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, S., Xu, H., Tang, X., Zhou, H., Yuan, J., Wang, X., Qu, Z., Wang, F., and Zhu, H. (2016). Type D Personality Predicts Poor Medication Adherence in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Six-Month Follow-Up Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146892"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Costa, P.T., and McCrae, R.R. (2002). Manual NEO-PI-R, TEA Ediciones. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1743","article-title":"Glycemic control and blood glucose monitoring over time in a simple of young australians with type 1 diabetes: The role of personality","volume":"36","author":"Waller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-014-9387-2","article-title":"Personality and Illness Adaptation in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The Intervening Role of Illness Coping and Perceptions","volume":"21","author":"Rassart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.019","article-title":"Personality Functioning in Adolescents and Emerging Adults with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Rassart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"394","article-title":"Personalidad y adherencia del tratamiento con infusor subcut\u00e1neo de insulina y monitorizaci\u00f3n continua de glucosa en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1","volume":"25","author":"Machado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Av. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/per.408","article-title":"Carving personality description at its joints: Confirmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults","volume":"15","author":"Asendorf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"200","article-title":"Comparaci\u00f3n de la salud subjetiva entre prototipos de personalidad recuperados en poblaci\u00f3n general de M\u00e9xico","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Colomb. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024289","article-title":"Replicability and 40-year predictive power of childhood ARC types","volume":"101","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2005.0019","article-title":"Adolescent personality types and subtypes and their psychosocial adjustment","volume":"51","author":"Scholte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Q."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250344000424","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the utility of the resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled personality types as predictors of children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 problem behaviour","volume":"28","author":"Mervielde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1583","article-title":"Personality prototype as a risk factor for eating disorders","volume":"37","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701629813","article-title":"Resilient, Undercontrolled, and Overcontrolled Personality Prototypes among Persons with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"89","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"45","article-title":"Personality correlates of Type 1 Diabetes in a national representative simple","volume":"25","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Top."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"109","article-title":"La versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del CORE-OM","volume":"23","author":"Feixas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Psicoter."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semerg.2010.03.008","article-title":"Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Diabetes en el manejo de la diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"SEMERGEN-Med. Fam."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03025.x","article-title":"Diabetes-especific emotional distress mediates the association between depressive symptoms and glycaemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Pouwer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"203","article-title":"Estilos de personalidad y adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Granados","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liberabit"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"150","article-title":"The resilient type: \u2019Simply the best\u2019 or merely an artifact of social desirability?","volume":"49","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"233","article-title":"Beyond self-care behaviors in diabetes: Learning from adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Cosma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.26719\/2011.17.10.777","article-title":"Psychiatric co-morbidity with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Coclami","year":"2011","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200107000-00005","article-title":"Depressed mood is a factor in glycemic control in type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"McCaskill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"125","article-title":"Resilencia: Definici\u00f3n, caracter\u00edsticas y utilidad del concepto","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Psicopatol. Psicol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.05.003","article-title":"General and diabetes-specific stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Rechenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2016.08.007","article-title":"Anxiety in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Rechenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.10.012","article-title":"Exploring correlates of diabetes-related stress among adults with Type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry","volume":"138","author":"Boden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0130","article-title":"The associations between mental health, health-related quality of life and insulin pump therapy among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Papp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5944\/rppc.vol.18.num.3.2013.12920","article-title":"Efectos del tipo de diabetes, estrategias de afrontamiento, sexo y optimismo en el apoyo social","volume":"18","author":"Lugli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Psicopatolog\u00eda y Psicol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.03.011","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes types 1 and 2","volume":"53","author":"Bronwers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.04.019","article-title":"Symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Buchberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-9-115","article-title":"Determinants of quality of life in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Imayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Wei, X., Wu, T., Chen, R., and Guo, A. (2013). Collaborative care for patients with depression and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-260"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12010016","article-title":"Decision-Making in Diabetes Mellitus Type 1","volume":"25","author":"Rustad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1835","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Individuals with and Without Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Gendelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/26.5.253","article-title":"Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Regimen adherence","volume":"26","author":"Lemanek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:08Z","timestamp":1760162168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094818","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}}}