{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:57:44Z","timestamp":1760234264227,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Svenska Spel Research Council","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>GamTest is a self-rating scale of negative consequences of gambling, included in the popular responsible gambling tool Playscan as part of an overall risk assessment and feedback feature. Two previous psychometric evaluations of this instrument yielded contradictory results: in an online high-gambling population, a five-factor model was supported and the instrument had overall good psychometric properties, but in a low-gambling population, the same factor structure was not supported. Because GamTest is used with both low- and high-gambling populations, more psychometric research is needed to fully understand how the instrument works. The current study examined, for the first time, psychometric performance among a sample of low-gambling respondents using a Rasch analysis. Results indicated that the instrument could be improved by decreasing the scale-steps and removing several problematic items demonstrating misfit. Furthermore, the findings indicated that some items functioned differently depending on gender, and that a shortened, improved nine-item version could not differentiate between different levels of risk. Our findings suggest that the instrument would arguably benefit from being adapted for use in a low-gambling population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"4824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Further Exploration of the Psychometric Properties of GamTest: A Rasch Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Forsstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescati Hagv\u00e4g 8, 105 90 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rozental","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"UCL, Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Kottorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Society, Malm\u00f6 University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 25, 214 28 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3061-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Dependency Disorders, Stockholm Health Care Services, 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Jansson-Fr\u00f6jmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet &amp; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Hesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, \u00d6rebro University, 701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","article-title":"The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers","volume":"144","author":"Lesieur","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. 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