{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1789639453088,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute onset disasters impact children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 psychological well-being, often leading to mental health challenges. The way a young person copes with the event plays a significant role in development of post-disaster psychopathology. Coping has been widely studied after acute onset disasters, however, difficulties conducting research in post-disaster contexts and the individualized nature of coping make accurate assessment of coping a significant challenge. A systematic literature search of multiple databases and previous reviews was conducted, exploring scholarly documentation of coping measurement and the relationship between coping and post-traumatic stress (PTSS) symptoms after acute onset disasters. A total of 384 peer-reviewed manuscripts were identified, and 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the current review. The studies examined coping and post-traumatic stress in the wake of acute onset disasters such as terrorist events and natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and wildfires. Greater PTSS symptoms were related to internalizing, externalizing, rumination, and avoidant coping strategies. Coping measurement was constrained due to measurement variance, lack of developmentally and contextually vali-dated instruments, theoretical misalignment, and absence of comprehensive tools to assess coping. Robust and consistent measures of coping should be established to inform research and interventions to reduce the impact of disasters on children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T11:06:01Z","timestamp":1620212761000},"page":"4865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Coping and Post-Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents after an Acute Onset Disaster: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tara","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate M.","family":"Wegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Backode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yapd.2007.03.011","article-title":"Children and Megadisasters: Lessons Learned in the New Millennium","volume":"54","author":"Garrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Impact of Disasters and Their Aftermath on Mental Health","volume":"8","author":"Ursano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0731-x","article-title":"Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: A systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987\u20132011","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lock, S., Rubin, G.J., Murray, V., Rogers, M.B., Amlot, R., and Williams, R. (2012). Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: A systematic review of primary research from 2010\u20132011. PLoS Curr., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-016-9545-y","article-title":"Distress Tolerance and Social Support in Adolescence: Predicting Risk for Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms Following a Natural Disaster","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0598-5","article-title":"Children\u2019s Disaster Reactions: The Influence of Exposure and Personal Characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0714-1","article-title":"Effects of Displacement in Children Exposed to Disasters","volume":"18","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01453.x","article-title":"Disasters, Victimization, and Children\u2019s Mental Health","volume":"81","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22282","article-title":"Media Exposure and Sympathetic Nervous System Reactivity Predict PTSD Symptoms after the Boston Marathon Bombings","volume":"31","author":"Busso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32834776a8","article-title":"Understanding and promoting resilience in children and youth","volume":"24","author":"Sapienza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2013.791797","article-title":"Children\u2019s Coping in the Context of Disasters and Terrorism","volume":"19","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01463.x","article-title":"Exploring Posttraumatic Growth in Children Impacted by Hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the Phenomenon and Developmental Considerations","volume":"81","author":"Kilmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20277","article-title":"Parental response and adolescent adjustment to the 11 september 2001 terrorist attacks","volume":"20","author":"Silver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2012.719351","article-title":"Longitudinal Relationships Between Neuroticism, Avoidant Coping, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents Following the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China","volume":"18","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-013-9206-1","article-title":"Children\u2019s Postdisaster Trajectories of PTS Symptoms: Predicting Chronic Distress","volume":"42","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"101","article-title":"25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): The EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21656","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 reactions after a wildfire disaster in Greece","volume":"25","author":"Papadatou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410802148228","article-title":"Social Support, Discrimination, and Coping as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Youth Survivors of Hurricane Katrina","volume":"37","author":"Pina","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000181","article-title":"Improving adjustment and resilience in children following a disaster: Addressing research challenges","volume":"73","author":"Grolnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0361-3666.2006.00314.x","article-title":"Psychological Assessment of Children in Disasters and Emergencies","volume":"30","author":"Balaban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0647-0","article-title":"Child Disaster Mental Health Services: A Review of the System of Care, Assessment Approaches, and Evidence Base for Intervention","volume":"18","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.356","article-title":"Quality assessment of observational studies in psychiatry: An example from perinatal psychiatric research","volume":"20","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x","article-title":"Research Review: Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers\u2014A systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research","volume":"54","author":"Betancourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20492","article-title":"Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12204","article-title":"Low self-esteem and internalizing disorders in young people\u2014A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Keane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lenhard, W., and Lenhard, A. (2020, February 15). Berechnung von Effektst\u00e4rken [Calculation of Effect Sizes]. Dettelbach: Psychometrica. Available online: https:\/\/www.psychometrica.de\/effektstaerke.html."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictors of Youths\u2019 Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following a Natural Disaster: The 2010 Nashville, Tennessee, Flood","volume":"45","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715000884","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"45","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2011.595293","article-title":"Understanding the Impact of Trauma Exposure on Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.02.019","article-title":"The prevalence of posttraumatic stress in adolescents eight years after the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"262","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.11.010","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and its risk factors in bereaved Tibetan adolescents 3 years after the 2010 Yushu earthquake, a cross-sectional study in China","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.12.035","article-title":"Resilience and coping in trauma spectrum symptoms prediction: A structural equation modeling approach","volume":"77","author":"Stratta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2504_11","article-title":"Children\u2019s Coping Assistance: How Parents, Teachers, and Friends Help Children Cope After a Natural Disaster","volume":"25","author":"Prinstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/08964280209596399","article-title":"Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Efforts to Cope After Hurricane Floyd","volume":"28","author":"Russoniello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.12.017","article-title":"Factors influencing the course of posttraumatic stress following a natural disaster: Children\u2019s reactions to Hurricane Katrina","volume":"30","author":"Terranova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-013-9838-7","article-title":"Impact of Coping Efficacy and Acculturation on Psychopathology in Adolescents Following a Wildfire","volume":"24","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/15325020701741906","article-title":"Attributions, Coping, and Exposure as Predictors of Long-term Posttraumatic Distress in Tornado-Exposed Children","volume":"13","author":"Lack","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01664.x","article-title":"Pre-attack stress-load, appraisals, and coping in children\u2019s responses to the 9\/11 terrorist attacks","volume":"47","author":"Lengua","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/10852352.2016.1197751","article-title":"The role of religion in youth exposed to disasters in Sri Lanka","volume":"45","author":"Fernando","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Interv. Community"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"114","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the simplified Coping Style Questionnaire","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2101_8","article-title":"Development of a Self-Report Coping Measure for Elementary School Children","volume":"21","author":"Causey","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026430900363","article-title":"Relation of rumination and distraction with neuroticism and extraversion in a sample of patients with major depression","volume":"25","author":"Bagby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"211","article-title":"Preliminary development of the Coping Style Scale for Middle School Students","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00949.x","article-title":"A Dispositional and Situational Assessment of Children\u2019s Coping: Testing Alternative Models of Coping","volume":"64","author":"Ayers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ayers, T., and Sandler, I.N. (2000). The children\u2019s coping strategies checklist and the how I coped under pressure scale. Program for Prevention Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"164","article-title":"Study on the validity and reliability of \u2018COPE\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/13.4.555","article-title":"Development of a Brief Coping Checklist for Use with Pediatric Populations","volume":"13","author":"Spirito","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320309597982","article-title":"Factorial Structure of the Kidcope in Hong Kong Adolescents","volume":"164","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.2.237","article-title":"Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Andrew","volume":"105","author":"Vernberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","article-title":"You want to measure coping but your protocol\u2019too long: Consider the brief cope","volume":"4","author":"Carver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Behave. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00212","article-title":"Coping efficacy and psychological problems of children of divorce","volume":"71","author":"Sandler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2701_9","article-title":"Stress and coping as predictors of children\u2019s divorce-related ruminations","volume":"27","author":"Weyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_9","article-title":"The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties","volume":"30","author":"Foa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Frederick, C.J. (2021, April 26). Selected foci in the Spectrum of Posttraumatic Stress Disorders. Available online: https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/naid\/10025019445\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)","volume":"34","author":"Blanchard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465805002419","article-title":"The Children\u2019s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity as a Screening Instrument for PTSD","volume":"33","author":"Perrin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Amaya-Jackson, L., McCarthy, G., Cherney, M.S., and Newman, E. (1995). Child PTSD Checklist, Duke University Medical Center."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-004-0048-2","article-title":"The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index","volume":"6","author":"Steinberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Wilson, J., and Keane, T. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale\u2014Revised. Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD: A Handbook for Practitioners, Guildford Press."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"93","article-title":"Development of the post-traumatic stress disorder self-rating scale and its reliability and validity","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin J. Behav Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.11.006","article-title":"A multidimensional spectrum approach to post-traumatic stress disorder: Comparison between the Structured Clinical Interview for Trauma and Loss Spectrum (SCI-TALS) and the Self-Report instrument (TALS-SR)","volume":"50","author":"Carmassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.76.1.65","article-title":"An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster","volume":"76","author":"Cryder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X12000702","article-title":"Issues in the Assessment of Children\u2019s Coping in the Context of Mass Trauma","volume":"27","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prehospital Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.02.004","article-title":"Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00361.x","article-title":"Coping in Context: The Role of Stress, Social Support, and Personality in Coping","volume":"73","author":"DeLongis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowdy, E., Kamphaus, R.W., Twyford, J.M., and Dever, B.V. (2014). Culturally competent behavioral and emotional screening. Handbook of School Mental Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7624-5_23"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-015-0062-x","article-title":"Conducting Universal Complete Mental Health Screening via Student Self-Report","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2017.1385559","article-title":"Being humorous and seeking diversion: Promoting healthy coping skills among LGBTQ+ youth","volume":"22","author":"Craig","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gay Lesbian Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/rel2030216","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Studies Using the Brief COPE: Religious Coping in Factor Analyses","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Religions"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/19361521.2011.623146","article-title":"Understanding and Assessing Traumatic Responses of Guilt, Shame, and Anger among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults","volume":"4","author":"Fletcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02331.x","article-title":"Psychological health and coping strategy among survivors in the year following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.10.011","article-title":"Brief report: Self-blame and PTSD symptoms in adolescents exposed to terrorism: Is school connectedness a mediator?","volume":"37","author":"Moscardino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_893_19","article-title":"Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Makwana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compas, B.E., and Epping, J.E. (1993). Stress and coping in children and families. Children and Disasters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4766-9_2"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282467","article-title":"The Development and Evaluation of Procedures to Assess Child Self-Report Item Validity Educational and Psychological Measurement","volume":"66","author":"Woolley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.008","article-title":"Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy","volume":"42","author":"Benight","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22882","article-title":"Hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies","volume":"76","author":"Gallagher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-019-10065-4","article-title":"Emotional Nonacceptance, Distraction Coping and PTSD Symptoms in a Trauma-Exposed Adolescent Inpatient Sample","volume":"44","author":"Woodward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101910","article-title":"Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Moulds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.12.015","article-title":"Prevention of anxiety disorders and depression by targeting excessive worry and rumination in adolescents and young adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Topper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103573","article-title":"Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination","volume":"127","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01452.x","article-title":"Disasters and Their Impact on Child Development: Introduction to the Special Section","volume":"81","author":"Masten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child. Dev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4865\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:48Z","timestamp":1760162208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]}}}