{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1790949448969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Organizaci\u00f3n Nacional de Ciegos Espa\u00f1oles \u2013 ONCE","award":["ONCE\u2019s Fourth International Grant for Research on Responsible Gambling"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ONCE\u2019s Fourth International Grant for Research on Responsible Gambling"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several risk factors have been related to the onset and maintenance of gambling disorder (GD). The aim of this study was to explore the differences in emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, cognitive distortions, and attentional bias between online and land-based gamblers. The sample consisted of 88 treatment-seeking patients from the Behavioral Addictions Unit at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona (Spain). Patients were divided into two groups by considering their main type of gambling, i.e., online (n = 26) and land-based gambling (n = 62). Online gamblers were younger, more often employed, with a higher educational level than land-based gamblers. Regarding the rest of the variables, statistically significant differences were only found in Positive Urgency, one of the UPPS-P subscales, in which the land-based gambling group scored higher than the online gambling group. In this exploratory study, individuals with online and land-based GD phenotypes did not differ either in difficulties in emotion regulation or in attentional and cognitive biases. However, land-based GD patients showed a higher tendency to succumb to strong impulses under the influence of positive emotions. These preliminary findings warrant the need to continue investigating GD phenotypes in larger patient samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T11:06:01Z","timestamp":1620212761000},"page":"4869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Distortions and Attentional Bias in a Spanish Sample of Gambling Disorder Patients: Comparison between Online and Land-Based Gambling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3262-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Sancho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Bonnaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, F-92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France"},{"name":"Youth Addiction Care, Center Pierre Nicole, Croix-Rouge Fran\u00e7aise, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Casal\u00e9-Salayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Vera-Igual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Unit, Delta del Llobregat Primary Care Service, 08903 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Duran-Sindreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0396-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Trujols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9627-5","article-title":"Prevalence of Adolescent Problem Gambling: A Systematic Review of Recent Research","volume":"33","author":"Calado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.073","article-title":"Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000-2015)","volume":"5","author":"Calado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"How do online sports gambling disorder patients compare with land-based patients?","volume":"6","author":"Granero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.10.007","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of gambling disorder among older adults: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9528-z","article-title":"Mental Health and Online, Land-Based and Mixed Gamblers","volume":"32","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.001","article-title":"The role of affect-driven impulsivity in gambling cognitions: A convenience-sample study with a Spanish version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale","volume":"6","author":"Steward","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.033","article-title":"Gender comparison of online and land-based gamblers from a nationally representative sample: Does gambling online pose elevated risk?","volume":"72","author":"Edgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Human. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2008.0196","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates of internet gambling: Findings from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey","volume":"12","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0260","article-title":"Are online gamblers more at risk than offline gamblers?","volume":"15","author":"Kairouz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.1.5","article-title":"An examination of participation in online gambling activities and the relationship with problem gambling","volume":"2","author":"McCormack","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810397650","article-title":"A comparative profile of the internet gambler: Demographic characteristics, game-play patterns, and problem gambling status","volume":"13","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubert, P., and Griffiths, M.D. (2017). A Comparison of Online Versus Offline Gambling Harm in Portuguese Pathological Gamblers: An Empirical Study. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9846-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2011.628333","article-title":"Are online pathological gamblers different from non-online pathological gamblers on demographics, gambling problem severity, psychopathology and personality characteristics?","volume":"11","author":"Stinchfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12506","article-title":"Relationship between pathological gambling, alexithymia, and gambling type","volume":"26","author":"Bonnaire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alexithymia and pathological gambling: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation","volume":"28","author":"Elmas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. Psikiyatr. Derg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.52","article-title":"Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation","volume":"7","author":"Rogier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2011.02022.x","article-title":"Deficits in emotion regulation associated with pathological gambling","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.01.001","article-title":"Investigation of impulsivity in a sample of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers: A multidimensional perspective","volume":"198","author":"Billieux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.096","article-title":"The joint role of impulsivity and distorted cognitions in recreational and problem gambling: A cluster analytic approach","volume":"260","author":"Devos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0393-9","article-title":"Impulsivity in Gambling Disorder and problem gambling: A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.021","article-title":"Dimensions and disorder specificity of impulsivity in pathological gambling","volume":"39","author":"Oosterlaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.017","article-title":"Attentional bias in non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers, and abstinent pathological gamblers: An experimental study","volume":"206","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.009","article-title":"Attentional biases in problem and non-problem gamblers","volume":"198","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0822-6","article-title":"The effectiveness of attentional bias modification for substance use disorder symptoms in adults: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Heitmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190614","article-title":"The specificity of attentional biases by type of gambling: An eye-tracking study","volume":"13","author":"McGrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2016.1275739","article-title":"Impulsivity traits and gambling cognitions associated with gambling preferences and clinical status","volume":"17","author":"Navas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"The paradoxical relationship between emotion regulation and gambling-related cognitive biases","volume":"14","author":"Navas","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.3.368","article-title":"Attributional Style in Pathological Gamblers in Treatment","volume":"97","author":"McCormick","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","article-title":"Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being","volume":"85","author":"Gross","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739","article-title":"Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Sheppes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.03.008","article-title":"Impulsivity profiles in pathological slot machine gamblers","volume":"83","author":"Aragay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00673.x","article-title":"Emotion Regulation as a Scientific Construct: Methodological Challenges and Directions for Child Development Research","volume":"75","author":"Cole","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781","article-title":"Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"26","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503321903607","article-title":"Which pathological gamblers will complete treatment?","volume":"42","author":"Leblond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.06.002","article-title":"Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity in pathological gambling","volume":"43","author":"Maccallum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.06.006","article-title":"Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in different clinical phenotypes of gambling disorder: Profiles and longitudinal prediction of treatment outcomes","volume":"61","author":"Granero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.7.769","article-title":"Personality and Problem Gambling","volume":"62","author":"Slutske","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00050060500391894","article-title":"Elucidation of impulsivity","volume":"41","author":"Enticott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00064-7","article-title":"The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity","volume":"30","author":"Whiteside","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.1.107","article-title":"Integration of impulsivity and positive mood to predict risky behavior: Development and validation of a measure of positive urgency","volume":"19","author":"Cyders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100095X","article-title":"Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in pathological gamblers attending the UK National Problem Gambling Clinic: A preliminary report","volume":"41","author":"Michalczuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-011-9258-9","article-title":"Clinical Profiles as a Function of Level and Type of Impulsivity in a Sample Group of At-risk and Pathological Gamblers Seeking Treatment","volume":"28","author":"Wainstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.015","article-title":"Online and live regular poker players: Do they differ in impulsive sensation seeking and gambling practice?","volume":"5","author":"Barrault","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0223","article-title":"Predictive factors of excessive online poker playing","volume":"13","author":"Hopley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.09.001","article-title":"Comparison of gambling profiles based on strategic versus non-strategic preferences","volume":"31","author":"Granero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.07.001","article-title":"Cognitive restructuring of gambling-related thoughts: A systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Giroux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9164-6","article-title":"Gambling related cognitions mediate the association between thinking style and problem gambling severity","volume":"26","author":"Emond","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9710-6","article-title":"Cognitive Characteristics of Strategic and Non-strategic Gamblers","volume":"34","author":"Mouneyrac","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109861","article-title":"From sign-tracking to attentional bias: Implications for gambling and substance use disorders","volume":"99","author":"Anselme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2190-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of two web-based cognitive bias modification interventions targeting approach and attentional bias in gambling problems: Study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Boffo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9315-z","article-title":"Attentional Bias in Problem Gambling: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Mentzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"100","article-title":"Eye on the prize: High-risk gamblers show sustained selective attention to gambling cues","volume":"2016","author":"Hudson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.01.005","article-title":"Reduced attentional blink for gambling-related stimuli in problem gamblers","volume":"42","author":"Brevers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024201","article-title":"Time Course of Attentional Bias for Gambling Information in Problem Gambling","volume":"25","author":"Brevers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.030","article-title":"Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development, causes, and consequences","volume":"97","author":"Field","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14459791003652501","article-title":"Attentional biases among pathological gamblers","volume":"10","author":"Molde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.027","article-title":"The effect of repeated exposure to virtual gambling cues on the urge to gamble","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00219.x","article-title":"Attentional bias and addictive behaviour: Automaticity in a gambling-specific modified Stroop task","volume":"98","author":"Boyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.03.006","article-title":"Pathological gambling subtypes: A comparison of treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking samples from Brazil and Canada","volume":"39","author":"Lobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American P.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903382369","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a spanish version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale: Reliability, validity and association with trait and cognitive impulsivity","volume":"92","author":"Lozano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x","article-title":"The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties","volume":"99","author":"Raylu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15","article-title":"Attentional Bias in Emotional Disorders","volume":"95","author":"MacLeod","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001269","article-title":"Attentional bias for drug cues in opiate dependence","volume":"30","author":"Lubman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02860.x","article-title":"The effect of image complexity on attentional bias towards alcohol-related images in adult drinkers","volume":"105","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1998). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.11.024","article-title":"Adjust for multiple comparisons? It\u2019s not that simple","volume":"101","author":"Althouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0","article-title":"Adjusting for multiple testing--when and how?","volume":"54","author":"Bender","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.023","article-title":"The interaction between gambling activities and modes of access: A comparison of Internet-only, land-based only, and mixed-mode gamblers","volume":"41","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.035","article-title":"Psychopathology of online poker players: Review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Moreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/030802269706000911","article-title":"Openness to Group Interaction between Clients in Acute Care Psychiatric Units","volume":"60","author":"Lloyd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3781","article-title":"Characteristics and Help-Seeking Behaviors of Internet Gamblers Based on Most Problematic Mode of Gambling","volume":"17","author":"Hing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.003","article-title":"Mood, motives, and money: An examination of factors that differentiate online and non-online young adult gamblers","volume":"5","author":"Goldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.038","article-title":"Pathological gambling and associated drug and alcohol abuse, emotion regulation, and anxious-depressive symptomatology","volume":"5","author":"Jauregui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2012.0005","article-title":"Characteristics of Internet gamblers among a sample of students at a large, Public University in Southwestern United States","volume":"53","author":"Shead","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Coll. Stud. Dev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x","article-title":"A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling","volume":"97","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9764-0","article-title":"Impulsivity and gambling type among treatment-seeking disordered gamblers: An explorative study","volume":"34","author":"Lutri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1086\/592945","article-title":"Blackjack in the Kitchen: Understanding Online versus Casino Gambling","volume":"35","author":"Cotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.10.005","article-title":"Is gambling disorder associated with impulsivity traits measured by the UPPS-P and is this association moderated by sex and age?","volume":"72","author":"Savvidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9715-1","article-title":"On the processes underlying the relationship between alexithymia and gambling severity","volume":"34","author":"Saeremans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9180-6","article-title":"Differences in Cognitive Distortions Between Pathological and Non-Pathological Gamblers with Preferences for Chance or Skill Games","volume":"26","author":"Myrseth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031892","article-title":"Measuring cognitive distortions in pathological gambling: Review and meta-analyses","volume":"27","author":"Goodie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00095","article-title":"Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Sancho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2018.11.004","article-title":"Dispositional mindfulness attenuates the emotional attentional blink","volume":"67","author":"Makowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1340","article-title":"The relative efficacy of mindfulness versus distraction: The moderating role of attentional bias","volume":"23","author":"Shires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:51Z","timestamp":1760162211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]}}}