{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:11:49Z","timestamp":1765807909350,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["322150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy are known. Increasingly, adverse effects in the grandchild after grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy are reported. We explored this in a birth cohort of 24,000 grandmother\u2013mother\u2013child triads identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register in 1991\u20132016. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between any smoking during pregnancy by both grandmother and mother, or only grandmother or mother on adverse birth outcomes. No smoking by neither grandmother nor mother was used as the reference. As endpoints, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age (birth weight, birth length, head circumference), and body proportionality (low ponderal index, high brain-to-body ratio, high head-to-length ratio) were included. Smoking by both grandmother and mother was consistently associated with higher risks than smoking only by the mother. Birth length and weight were especially sensitive to (grand)maternal smoking. In conclusion, the combined effect of grandmaternal and maternal smoking is associated with higher risks than only maternal smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T10:06:12Z","timestamp":1620381972000},"page":"4985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Isabell Katharina","family":"Rumrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otto","family":"H\u00e4nninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Viluksela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy\/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsi","family":"V\u00e4h\u00e4kangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy\/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kiuru, S., Gissler, M., and Heino, A. (2021, March 10). TILASTORAPORTTI 48\/2020: Perinataalitilasto\u2014Synnytt\u00e4j\u00e4t, Synnytykset ja Vastasyntyneet 2019. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. 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