{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:03:32Z","timestamp":1783397012755,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 108-2638-H-002-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2638-H-002-001-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan","award":["109\u7ba1\u7406-3.2-\u690d\u9632-2(2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109\u7ba1\u7406-3.2-\u690d\u9632-2(2)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first report of the red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, in Taiwan was in the city of Taoyuan in 2003. The government has made great efforts to bring RIFA-infested areas under control. RIFA has gradually spread outward since its discovery, but it is still confined in northern Taiwan, in part due to the control efforts. RIFA is well established in densely populated environments (i.e., urban areas), causing damage to public utilities and significantly affects the inhabitants of Taiwan. Out of 10,127 human encounters with RIFA reported by the Plant Pest Information Management System in the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 3819 (37.71%) persons were stung, with 834 (21.8%) persons exhibiting wheal-and-flare reaction (swelling and redness of the skin). Among the victims, 288 (7.5%) sought medical care, and about 21 (0.6%) developed severe cellulitis and urticaria. Unexpectedly, 2.8% (106) of the victims exhibited anaphylactic shock, which was higher than previously reported cases (1%). The high anaphylactic shock percentage was probably because most victims were elderly farmers or because Asian people have higher sensitivity to the RIFA sting. RIFA is well adapted to the environmental conditions in Taiwan, which makes it extremely difficult (if not impossible) to eradicate. The management of RIFA in the future should focus on lowering the speed of spread to mitigate possible dangers to the inhabitants. Six major challenges of RIFA management in Taiwan are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T11:30:16Z","timestamp":1620732616000},"page":"5055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Establishment and Social Impacts of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta, (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7369-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin-An","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua City 50007, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Kuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong-Nan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.13102\/sociobiology.v60i1.50-55","article-title":"Exotic spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beyond North America","volume":"60","author":"Wetterer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198734","article-title":"Global Invasion History of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta","volume":"331","author":"Ascunce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1703.12076","article-title":"Invader at the gate: The status of red imported fire ant in Australia and Asia","volume":"35","author":"Wylie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. 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