{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:23:51Z","timestamp":1772252631555,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnesium (Mg) deficiency might be a catalyst in the process of endothelial dysfunction, an early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of an oral Mg supplement as compared to control on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Nineteen participants (39 years, body mass index (BMI) 22.9 kg\/m2) completed this randomized cross-over study. Blood pressure (BP) and FMD were measured and blood samples were taken before participants drank 200 mL water, with or without an over the counter Mg supplement (450 mg and 300 mg for men and women). Measurements were repeated at 60 and 120 min. There was a statistically significant two-way interaction between treatment and time on serum Mg (p = 0.037). A difference of \u22120.085 mm in FMD was observed 60-min post drink in the control group, as compared to baseline FMD, and no difference was observed in the supplement group as compared to baseline. Despite the non-significant interaction between treatment and time on FMD, once adjusted for baseline, the difference seen in the control group and the lack of change in the supplement group at 60 min post-drink suggests that Mg might attenuate the reduction in FMD post-prandially.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"5303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Acute Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Endothelial Function: A Randomized Cross-Over Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Caitr\u00edona","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Keogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Headland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation","volume":"10","author":"Buttar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, X., Jin, F., Hao, Y., Li, H., Tang, T., Wang, H., Yan, W., and Dai, K. (2013). Magnesium and the risk of cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057720"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.002253","article-title":"Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women","volume":"93","author":"Chiuve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000114","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000114","article-title":"Dietary and plasma magnesium and risk of coronary heart disease among women","volume":"2","author":"Chiuve","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053132","article-title":"Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"98","author":"Imamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz256","article-title":"Serum magnesium and the incidence of coronary artery disease over a median 27 years of follow-up in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (aric) study and a meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Rooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagheri, A., Naghshi, S., Sadeghi, O., Larijani, B., and Esmaillzadeh, A. (2021). Total, dietary, and supplemental magnesium intakes and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Adv. Nutr., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the interheart study): Case-control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.032","article-title":"Postprandial effects of a high salt meal on serum sodium, arterial stiffness, markers of nitric oxide production and markers of endothelial function","volume":"232","author":"Dickinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.006155","article-title":"Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects","volume":"93","author":"Dickinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.078","article-title":"A reduction of 3 g\/day from a usual 9 g\/day salt diet improves endothelial function and decreases endothelin-1 in a randomised cross_over study in normotensive overweight and obese subjects","volume":"233","author":"Dickinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26856","article-title":"Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans","volume":"89","author":"Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.10.001","article-title":"A systematic review of vascular and endothelial function: Effects of fruit, vegetable and potassium intake","volume":"25","author":"Blanch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.105197","article-title":"Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on vascular and endothelial function: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Blanch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.04.009","article-title":"Effect of high potassium diet on endothelial function","volume":"24","author":"Blanch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (2019). Heart, Stroke & Vascular Diseases."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S330","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction as a target for prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"Versari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870132","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/870132","article-title":"Where are we heading with noninvasive clinical vascular physiology? Why and how should we assess endothelial function?","volume":"2011","author":"Ellins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93147-F","article-title":"Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis","volume":"340","author":"Celermajer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1402","article-title":"Relations of dietary magnesium intake to biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women","volume":"33","author":"Chacko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.1068","article-title":"Magnesium intake and plasma concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in women","volume":"85","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.054114","article-title":"Urinary and plasma magnesium and risk of ischemic heart disease","volume":"97","author":"Joosten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00205-9","article-title":"Effects of long-term magnesium supplementation on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers: A randomized controlled trial in overweight\/obese adults","volume":"7","author":"Joris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-019-00355-z","article-title":"Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on vascular function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., and Dudley, S.C. (2020). Magnesium, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100907"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"NHMRC (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand: Including Recommended Dietary Intakes."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa140","article-title":"Perspective: Us adult magnesium requirements need updating: Impacts of rising body weights and data-derived variance","volume":"12","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"591","article-title":"Consumption of water containing over 3.5 mg of dissolved hydrogen could improve vascular endothelial function","volume":"10","author":"Sakai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70095-3","article-title":"Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is impaired in both microcirculation and macrocirculation during acute hyperglycemia","volume":"28","author":"Akbari","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vascular. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00168-0","article-title":"Hyperglycemia rapidly suppresses flow-mediated endothelium- dependent vasodilation of brachial artery","volume":"34","author":"Kawano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. College Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00980-3","article-title":"Oral glucose loading acutely attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy adults without diabetes: An effect prevented by vitamins c and e","volume":"36","author":"Title","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. College Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.12.1618","article-title":"Ascorbate restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation impaired by acute hyperglycemia in humans","volume":"103","author":"Beckman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.126","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Hatzistavri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertensi."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.05.010","article-title":"Effects of magnesium supplements on blood pressure, endothelial function and metabolic parameters in healthy young men with a family history of metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Cosaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000346427","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated dilatation among hemodialysis patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/10\/5303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:02:22Z","timestamp":1760162542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/10\/5303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18105303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18105303","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0637.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]}}}