{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:48:17Z","timestamp":1790909297701,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RD16\/0017\/0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0017\/0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are using real-life data in order to determine the prevalence of driving with the presence of cocaine and\/or benzoylecgonine (BZE), their concentrations, and their use in combination with other drugs. This study assessed data on Spanish drivers with confirmed drug-positive results recorded by the Spanish National Traffic Agency from 2011\u20132016. Frequencies of positivity for cocaine and\/or BZE and concentration of such substances were obtained. Comparisons and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Drivers who tested positive for cocaine and\/or BZE accounted for 48.59% of the total positive results for drugs. In positive cases for both cocaine and BZE, other substances were detected in 81.74%: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (68.19%), opioids (20.78%) and amphetamine-like substances (16.76%). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the frequency of cocaine and\/or BZE positive cases decreased with age (OR:0.97) and were less likely among women (OR:0.63). Concentrations (ng\/mL) of cocaine (249.30) and BZE (137.90) were higher when both substances were detected together than when detected alone. Positivity to cocaine represented an important proportion among Spanish drivers who tested positive for drugs, and polysubstance use was especially observed in more than 8 out of 10 positive cases for cocaine and\/or BZE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1621340236000},"page":"5371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Positivity to Cocaine and\/or Benzoylecgonine in Confirmation Analyses for On-Road Tests in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3110-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Herrera-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Virgen de la Concha, 49022 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Abej\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Technical Direction of Pharmaceutical Assistance, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, 47007 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Javier","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"CEIm, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). Drug Use and Road Safety: A Policy Brief, WHO. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/249533\/1\/WHO-MSD-NVI-2016.01-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schulze, H., Shumacher, M., Urmeew, R., Auerbach, K., Alvarez, F.J., Bernhoft, I.M., De Gier, H., Hagenzieker, M., Houwing, S., and Knoche, A. 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