{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:26Z","timestamp":1787028326007,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Environment &amp; Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development","award":["LNE\/OL201000024\/11053\/M&G, LNE\/OL20070053\/12040\/M&G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LNE\/OL201000024\/11053\/M&G, LNE\/OL20070053\/12040\/M&G"]}]},{"name":"Flemish Agency for Care and Health","award":["LNE\/OL201000024\/11053\/M&G, LNE\/OL20070053\/12040\/M&G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LNE\/OL201000024\/11053\/M&G, LNE\/OL20070053\/12040\/M&G"]}]},{"name":"Flanders Environment Agency","award":["LNE\/OL20070053\/12040\/M&G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LNE\/OL20070053\/12040\/M&G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human biomonitoring (HBM) monitors levels of environmental pollutants in human samples, which often is a topic of concern for residents near industrially contaminated sites (ICSs). Around an ICS area in Menen (Belgium), including a (former) municipal waste incinerator and a metal recovery plant, increasing environmental concentrations of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were observed, causing growing concern among residents and authorities. The local community succeeded in convincing the responsible authorities to investigate the problem and offer research funding. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in two consecutive HBM studies (2002\u20132006 and 2010\u20132011), in the context of the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS), as well as in soil and locally produced food. Meanwhile, local authorities discouraged consumption of locally produced food in a delineated area of higher exposure risk. Ultimately, HBM and environmental data enabled tailored dietary recommendations. This article demonstrates the usefulness of HBM in documenting the body burdens of residents near the ICS, identifying exposure routes, evaluating remediating actions and providing information for tailored policy strategies aiding to further exposure reduction. It also highlights the role of the local stakeholders as an example of community-based participatory research and how such an approach can create societal support for research and policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1621814285000},"page":"5559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human Biomonitoring Data Enables Evidence-Informed Policy to Reduce Internal Exposure to Persistent Organic Compounds: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6629-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Colles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0009-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dries","family":"Coertjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1097-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bert","family":"Morrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elly","family":"Den Hond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Paulussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6978-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Bruckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Govarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0527-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Covaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Koppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Croes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Nelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Van Larebeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4141-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefaan","family":"De Henauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Fierens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flanders Environment Agency (VMM), Dr. De Moorstraat 24, 9300 Aalst, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griet","family":"Van Gestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Waste Agency of Flanders (OVAM), Stationsstraat 110, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Chovanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flemish Ministry of Welfare, Public Health and Family, Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Environmental Health Section, Koning Albert-II laan 35 bus 33, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Mampaey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment &amp; Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, Koning Albert-II laan 20 bus 8, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Van Campenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment &amp; Spatial Development, Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, Koning Albert-II laan 20 bus 8, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1198-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Loots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Baeyens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6556-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greet","family":"Schoeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2006.11.002","article-title":"Uses and issues of biomonitoring","volume":"210","author":"Needham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Human biomonitoring as a tool for exposure assessment in industrially contaminated sites (ICSs). Lessons learned within the ICS and Health European Network","volume":"43","author":"Colles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Prev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-008-0024-1","article-title":"Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites--contemporary and future relevance and challenges: Overview on background, aims and scope of the series","volume":"15","author":"Weber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.11.036","article-title":"Mass balance for POPs in hazardous and municipal solid waste incinerators","volume":"78","author":"Block","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.07.009","article-title":"Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies\u2014A review","volume":"34","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Union (2000). Directive 2000\/76\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on incineration of waste. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 332\/91, 21."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.02.062","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of unintentional POP emissions from thermal wire reclamation at industrial scrap metal recycling parks in China","volume":"215\u2013216","author":"Nie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-006-0161-x","article-title":"Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations","volume":"9","author":"Gullett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.52.10","article-title":"Background exposure to PCDDs\/PCDFs\/PCBs and its potential health effects: A review of epidemiologic studies","volume":"52","author":"Arisawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2006.21.1.1","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Routes of exposure and effects on human health","volume":"21","author":"Carpenter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2011). Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2016). Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls\/IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2013: Lyon, France). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00094-2","article-title":"Deposition of dioxins in Flanders (Belgium) and a proposition for guide values","volume":"35","author":"Desmedt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Brebbia, C.A., Power, H., and Longhurst, J.W.S. (2000). PM10 dust and chemical characterisation of aerosols in Flanders, Belgium. Air Pollution VIII, WIT Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Seuntjes, P., Steurbaut, W., and Vangronsveld, J. (2006). SPSD II: Chain Model for the Impact Analysis of Contaminants in Primary Food Products. Part 1 Sustainable Production and Consumption Patterns, Belgian Science Policy."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.03.022","article-title":"Dioxins and PCBs in feed and food\u2014Review from European perspective","volume":"491\u2013492","author":"Malisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2009.05.002","article-title":"Hormone levels and sexual development in Flemish adolescents residing in areas differing in pollution pressure","volume":"212","author":"Croes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.11.053","article-title":"Internal exposure to pollutants measured in blood and urine of Flemish adolescents in function of area of residence","volume":"71","author":"Schroijen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.11.006","article-title":"Concept of the Flemish human biomonitoring programme","volume":"215","author":"Schoeters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00037","article-title":"Biobank@VITO: Biobanking the General Population in Flanders","volume":"7","author":"Colles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.05.022","article-title":"Monitoring chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in adolescents in Flanders (Belgium): Concentrations, trends and dose-effect relationships (FLEHS II)","volume":"71","author":"Croes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.10.001","article-title":"Trace metal concentrations measured in blood and urine of adolescents in Flanders, Belgium: Reference population and case studies Genk-Zuid and Menen","volume":"217","author":"Vrijens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Fierens, T., Cornelis, C., Van Holderbeke, M., Van Campenhout, K., Mampaey, M., Van Gestel, G., Desmedt, M., and Colles, A. Deriving safe concentrations and dietary recommendations to limit exposure to persistent organic pollutants through consumption of home-produced chicken eggs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, under review."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00378-2","article-title":"Comparison of CALUX-TEQ values with PCB and PCDD\/F measurements in human serum of the Flanders Environmental and Health Study (FLEHS)","volume":"123","author":"Koppen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.006","article-title":"Quantification of all 209 PCB congeners in blood\u2014Can indicators be used to calculate the total PCB blood load?","volume":"220","author":"Kraft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2019). Toxicological Profile for DDT, DDE and DDD. Draft for Public Comment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12441","DOI":"10.1021\/es400657t","article-title":"Dynamics of organohalogenated contaminants in human serum from obese individuals during one year of weight loss treatment","volume":"47","author":"Dirtu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.05.002","article-title":"Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: Results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002\u20132006)","volume":"35","author":"Koppen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2006.02.012","article-title":"The CALUX bioassay: Current status of its application to screening food and feed","volume":"25","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2006","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.07.103","article-title":"Quantification of PCDD\/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in small amounts of human serum using the sensitive H1L7.5c1 mouse hepatoma cell line: Optimization and analysis of human serum samples from adolescents of the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS II)","volume":"85","author":"Croes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.006","article-title":"Evaluation of total lipids using enzymatic methods for the normalization of persistent organic pollutant levels in serum","volume":"366","author":"Covaci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.02.007","article-title":"Determinants of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in serum in three age classes\u2014Methodological implications for human biomonitoring","volume":"109","author":"Govarts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106775","article-title":"Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife","volume":"106","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl055","article-title":"The 2005 World Health Organization Reevaluation of Human and Mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors for Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds","volume":"93","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-33","article-title":"Opening the research agenda for selection of hot spots for human biomonitoring research in Belgium: A participatory research project","volume":"9","author":"Keune","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1021\/es981283m","article-title":"A Model for an Analytic\u2212Deliberative Process in Risk Management","volume":"33","author":"Renn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/eet.500","article-title":"Policy interpretation of human biomonitoring research results in Belgium: Priorities and complexity, politics and science","volume":"19","author":"Keune","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Policy Gov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.013","article-title":"The added value of a surveillance human biomonitoring program: The case of FLEHS in Flanders (Belgium)","volume":"220","author":"Reynders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"VMM (2012). AEROPA. Resultaten Grensoverschrijdende Luchtskwaliteitstudie in de Regio Menen-Wervik\/Halluin-Bousbecque, VMM."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Vanhauwaert, E. (2012). The Active Food Triangle, Flemish Institute for Health promotion and Disease Prevention (ViGeZ). (In Dutch)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-050517-124041","article-title":"Better Government, Better Science: The Promise of and Challenges Facing the Evidence-Informed Policy Movement","volume":"22","author":"Bowers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Political Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129882","article-title":"Biomonitoring of the adult population living near the waste incinerator of Turin: Serum concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs after three years from the plant start-up","volume":"272","author":"Iamiceli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Exposure factors influencing serum dioxin concentrations in the French dioxin and incinerators study","volume":"69","author":"Zeghnoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Organohalogen Compd."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.08.008","article-title":"Highlights of recent studies and future plans for the French human biomonitoring (HBM) programme","volume":"215","author":"Vandentorren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.03.051","article-title":"Monitoring dioxins and furans in plasma of individuals living near a hazardous waste incinerator: Temporal trend after 20 years","volume":"173","author":"Nadal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.039","article-title":"Changes in serum dioxin and PCB levels in residents around a municipal waste incinerator in Bilbao, Spain","volume":"156","author":"Zubero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.178","article-title":"Human bio-monitoring study around a plant that recycles and refines precious metals in Central Italy","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"Chellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerding, J., Peters, C., Wegscheider, W., Stranzinger, J., Lessmann, F., Pitzke, K., Harth, V., Eickmann, U., and Nienhaus, A. (2021). Metal exposure of workers during recycling of electronic waste: A cross-sectional study in sheltered workshops in Germany. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01651-9"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.674905","article-title":"Plasma Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Levels of Workers in a Transformer Recycling Company, their Family Members, and Employees of Surrounding Companies","volume":"75","author":"Schettgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.709377","article-title":"Surveillance Program for Former PCB-Exposed Workers of a Transformer and Capacitor Recycling Company, Family Members, Employees of Surrounding Companies, and Area Residents\u2014Executive Summary","volume":"75","author":"Kraus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.11.006","article-title":"Three cycles of human biomonitoring in Flanders\u2014Time trends observed in the Flemish Environment and Health Study","volume":"220","author":"Schoeters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"VMM (2014). Luchtkwaliteit in Vlaanderen: Dioxine- en PCB-Depositiemetingen in de Periode Mei 2013\u2014April 2014, VMM."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.07.021","article-title":"Substantial decline of polychlorinated biphenyls serum levels 10years after public health interventions in a population living near a contaminated site in Northern Italy","volume":"95","author":"Magoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2020.08.014","article-title":"Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins\/furans (PCDD\/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the vicinity of shredding facilities in Wallonia (Belgium)","volume":"12","author":"Dufour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1515\/bimo-2016-0003","article-title":"Human Biomonitoring\u2014An overview on biomarkers and their application in Occupational and Environmental Health","volume":"3","author":"Ladeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomonitoring"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s2155","article-title":"Community-based participatory research as a tool to advance environmental health sciences","volume":"110","author":"Dearry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"VMM (2018). Dioxine- en PCB-Depositiemetingen in de Periode Juni 2017\u2013April 2018, VMM. (In Dutch)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"VMM (2019). Dioxine- en PCB-Depositiemetingen in de Periode Juni 2018\u2013Mei 2019, VMM. (In Dutch)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"VMM (2020). Dioxine- en PCB-Depositiemetingen in de Periode Juni 2019\u2013April 2020, VMM. (In Dutch)."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Pinasseau, A., Zerger, B., Roth, J., Canova, M., and Roudier, S. (2018). Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment Industrial Emissions Directive 2010\/75\/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control), Publications Office of the EU."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/11\/5559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:06:10Z","timestamp":1760162770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/11\/5559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18115559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18115559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]}}}