{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:03:49Z","timestamp":1791288229378,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"50th Anniversary Chiang Mai University-Ph.D. scholarship","award":["Ph.D. 003\/2557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ph.D. 003\/2557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies indicated organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides are endocrine disruptors; however, data are scarce. This cross-sectional study recruited 143 male farmworkers aged 18\u201340 years in Fang district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. OP exposure was assessed by measuring urinary dialkylphosphate (DAPs) using a gas-chromatography flame photometric detector. Urinary NEOs, their metabolites (NEO\/m) and serum steroid hormones were measured using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Characteristics of participants were determined by face-to-face interviews. DAPs and five NEO\/m were detected in more than 60% of samples. The concentration of diethylphosphate was highest among DAP metabolites (geometric mean concentration (GM: 23.9 ng\/mL) and the concentration of imidacloprid (IMI) was highest among NEO\/m (GM: 17.4 ng\/mL). Linear regression models showed that the IMI level was positively associated with testosterone, dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. Imidacloprid-olefin and DHEA levels were positively associated. Thiamethoxam (THX) were inversely associated with DHC and deoxycorticosterone levels. Clothianidin (CLO), THX and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid levels were positively associated with the androstenedione level. CLO and THX levels were inversely associated with the cortisone level. In conclusion, the association between NEO insecticides exposure and adrenal androgens, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, suggest potential steroidogenesis activities. Our findings warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T12:38:01Z","timestamp":1621859881000},"page":"5599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Exposure to Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Its Association with Steroid Hormones among Male Reproductive-Age Farmworkers in Northern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeranuch","family":"Suwannarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7132-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tippawan","family":"Prapamontol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Isobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Nishihama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ampica","family":"Mangklabruks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawiwan","family":"Pantasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somporn","family":"Chantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warangkana","family":"Naksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoji F.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8529","article-title":"Workplace, Household, and Personal Predictors of Pesticide Exposure for Farmworkers","volume":"114","author":"Quandt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. 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