{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:51:31Z","timestamp":1777503091823,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The variety of current cosmetic procedures has increased the potential risks of adverse events and infections. In a nationwide cross-sectional study (2013\u20132015), we assessed the aspects of infection risk in cosmetic services. An anonymous voluntary questionnaire survey was conducted among 813 employees of cosmetic establishments in Poland. The establishments were selected from a register of service providers. The survey was conducted by employees of the State Sanitary Inspectorate during an audit, and the results showed that cosmetic providers were not fully prepared for risk assessment in terms of occupational exposure or infection transmission. The majority of the respondents (84%) reportedly washed the salon tools. Some establishments did not perform any decontamination (2%) or sterilization (~13%) procedures. Occupational punctures or lacerations occurred from needles, ampoules-syringes, or razors. Most respondents had attended professional training or studied medical textbooks. Approximately 1.7% of the respondents had not updated their knowledge, and 5% gained knowledge from unauthorized sources.The project\u2019s results impacted a variety of innovations and improvements in the field of public health. The results were used to update the national education program (2012\u20132017); more attention has been directed toward effective education in infection prevention, general hygiene, and post-exposure procedures. Moreover, the study\u2019s results were grounds for the introduction of legislative modifications in the field of epidemiological safety standards for cosmetic services in Poland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1621948461000},"page":"5661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Epidemiological Safety in the Cosmetic Service Industry in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"G\u0119bska-Kuczerowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, KazimierzaW\u00f3ycickiego 1\/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Kucharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, Targowa 65, 03-729 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Segiet-\u015awi\u0119cicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, \u017bwirkiiWigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kuczerowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Oncological Gynecology and Obstetrics, prof. Witlold Or\u0142owski Hospital, Czerniakowska, 231, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gajda-Med Medical Center, ul. PiotraSkargi 23\/29, 06-100 Pu\u0142tusk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(88)90024-7","article-title":"Cosmetics:A historical review","volume":"6","author":"Parish","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Epstein, S.S., and Fitzgerald, R. (2009). 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