{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:03:09Z","timestamp":1760234589795,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diarrhea is a common problem in nursing homes. A survey among nursing facilities in Poland was used to characterize diarrhea outbreaks, the burden caused for residents and caregivers and the employed measures. Survey results confirmed that diarrhea is a common problem in nursing homes and in most cases affects groups of residents. The related burden is high or very high for 27% of residents and 40% of caregivers. In 80% of nursing facilities pro or synbiotics are part of the measures used to manage diarrhea. Administration of these kinds of products has been suggested for the management of diarrhea, especially in cases caused by Clostridioides (C.) difficile. C. difficile is one of many potential causes for diarrhea, but is of particular concern for nursing homes because it is responsible for a large proportion of diarrhea outbreaks and is often caused by multi-drug resistant strains. In vitro inhibition of a quinolone-resistant and a multi-drug resistant C. difficile strain was used to evaluate the growth inhibitory effects of commonly used products containing probiotic microorganisms. Growth of both strains was best inhibited by multi-strain synbiotic preparations. These findings suggest that multi-strain synbiotics can be considered as an interventional option for diarrhea caused by C. difficile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:22:15Z","timestamp":1622420535000},"page":"5871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inhibition of Quinolone- and Multi-Drug-Resistant Clostridioides Difficile Strains by Multi Strain Synbiotics\u2014An Option for Diarrhea Management in Nursing Facilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Sommermeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Calisia University-Kalisz, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna M.","family":"Pituch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. \u017bwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Wultanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. \u017bwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Wojtyla-Buciora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Calisia University-Kalisz, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2152-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Piatek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Calisia University-Kalisz, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Bernatek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Calisia University-Kalisz, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00768.x","article-title":"Burden of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a long-term care facility","volume":"54","author":"Laffan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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