{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:56:51Z","timestamp":1791388611260,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: College students are among the heaviest users of smartphones and the Internet, and there is growing concern regarding problematic Internet (PIU) and smartphone use (PSU). A subset of adverse childhood experiences, household dysfunction [(HHD) e.g.; parental substance use, mental illness, incarceration, suicide, intimate partner violence, separation\/divorce, homelessness], are robust predictors of behavioral disorders; however, few studies have investigated the link between HHD and PIU and PSU and potential protective factors, such as social support, among students. Methods: Data are from a diverse California student sample (N = 1027). The Smartphone Addiction Scale\u2014Short Version and Internet Addiction Test assessed dimensions of addiction. Regression models tested associations between students\u2019 level of HHD (No HHD, 1\u20133 HHD, \u22654 HHD) and PSU and PIU, and the role of extrafamilial social support in these relationships, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, SES, employment loss due to COVID-19, and depression. Results: Compared to students reporting no HHD, students with \u22654 HHD had twice the odds (AOR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.21\u20133.40) of meeting criteria for PSU, while students with 1\u20133 HHD and \u22654 HHD had three and six times the odds of moderate to severe PIU (AORs: 2.03\u20132.46, CI:1.21\u20133.96) after adjusting for covariates. Extrafamilial social support was inversely associated with PIU and moderated the HHD\u2013PSU association for students with 1\u20133 HHD. Conclusion: Students exposed to HHD may be especially vulnerable to developing behavioral addictions such as PSU and PIU. Extrafamilial social support offset the negative effects of HHD for PSU among the moderate risk group; implications for prevention efforts are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:38:39Z","timestamp":1622630319000},"page":"5978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Can Adverse Childhood Experiences Heighten Risk for Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use? Findings from a College Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Myriam","family":"Forster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research\/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research\/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7275-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahsin","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research\/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research\/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20805","article-title":"Feeling bad on Facebook: Depression disclosures by college students on a social networking site","volume":"28","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress. 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