{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:40:33Z","timestamp":1775148033125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research, we take a multivariate, multi-method approach to predicting the incidence of lung cancer in the United States. We obtain public health and ambient emission data from multiple sources in 2000\u20132013 to model lung cancer in the period 2013\u20132017. We compare several models using four sources of predictor variables: adult smoking, state, environmental quality index, and ambient emissions. The environmental quality index variables pertain to macro-level domains: air, land, water, socio-demographic, and built environment. The ambient emissions consist of Cyanide compounds, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Disulfide, Diesel Exhaust, Nitrogen Dioxide, Tropospheric Ozone, Coarse Particulate Matter, Fine Particulate Matter, and Sulfur Dioxide. We compare various models and find that the best regression model has variance explained of 62 percent whereas the best machine learning model has 64 percent variance explained with 10% less error. The most hazardous ambient emissions are Coarse Particulate Matter, Fine Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Tropospheric Ozone. These ambient emissions could be curtailed to improve air quality, thus reducing the incidence of lung cancer. We interpret and discuss the implications of the model results, including the tradeoff between transparency and accuracy. We also review limitations of and directions for the current models in order to extend and refine them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T23:59:55Z","timestamp":1623023995000},"page":"6127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Predicting Lung Cancer in the United States: A Multiple Model Examination of Public Health Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold","family":"Kamis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Business School, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Business School, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Business School, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-7549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Business School, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuyue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Business School, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, June 03). 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