{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:14:51Z","timestamp":1791486891560,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FORDECYT-PRONACES, FOINS 2016-01 3203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORDECYT-PRONACES, FOINS 2016-01 3203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticides have been considered as potential chemical mutagens; however, little is known about toxic and genotoxic effects during pesticide application in Zamora-Jacona, Michoacan State in Mexico. This study sought to determine DNA damage and cholinesterase activities inhibitions in 54 agricultural workers exposed to complex mixtures of pesticides vs. control group (26 individuals) using Comet assay in peripheral whole blood, micronucleus (MN) test in oral mucosa cells, Cytokinesis-blocked MN assay in lymphocytes (L-CBMNcyt) and measuring AChE and BChE activities in whole blood and plasma samples, respectively. Exposed subjects demonstrated significantly elevated levels of primary (Comet assay: tail intensity, tail length, tail moment, Olive tail moment) and permanent DNA damage (MN assay: in blood\/buccal cells; frequencies of nuclear buds, binucleated cells, cells with condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis). However, inhibition of cholinesterase activities (AChE and BChE) was not observed in the workers. Confounding factors including sex, age, BMI, working exposure period, protection level, smoking habit (cigarettes per day units), alcohol consumption (weekly), medication, were considered in the analysis. These combined techniques demonstrated usefulness in the health hazards risks pesticide exposure assessment and suggested the need for periodic monitoring together with the education and the training of occupational workers for the safe application of potentially harmful pesticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T03:48:08Z","timestamp":1623296888000},"page":"6269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Assessment of Cytogenetic Damage and Cholinesterases\u2019 Activity in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Pesticides in Zamora-Jacona, Michoacan, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3396-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Valencia-Quintana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio \u201cRafael Villalobos-Pietrini\u201d de Toxicolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica y Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala, CA Gen\u00e9tica y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Tem\u00e1tica de Toxicolog\u00eda de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Mili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bonassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Rafaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Rafaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma. Antonieta","family":"Ochoa-Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Estudios Regionales, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Humanidades, UNAM, Jiquilpan 59510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayrut Osdely","family":"Uriostegui-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero Chilpancingo 39105, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5379-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo Alejandro","family":"P\u00e9rez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio \u201cRafael Villalobos-Pietrini\u201d de Toxicolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica y Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala, CA Gen\u00e9tica y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Tem\u00e1tica de Toxicolog\u00eda de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio \u201cRafael Villalobos-Pietrini\u201d de Toxicolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica y Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala, CA Gen\u00e9tica y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Tem\u00e1tica de Toxicolog\u00eda de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.21676\/23897848.1873","article-title":"Estudio de la regi\u00f3n michoacana de Zamora como polo de competitividad internacional agr\u00edcola","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cl\u00edo Am\u00e9rica"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"SIAP (2019, April 20). 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