{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:05:45Z","timestamp":1760234745466,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Humanity and Social Science Research Planning Fund of Ministry of Education of China","award":["18YJAZH126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJAZH126"]}]},{"name":"the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51638004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51638004"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC0704704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0704704"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For most signalized at-grade intersections, exclusive lanes for non-motorized vehicles have been applied to improve the level of service, capacity and safety of both motorized vehicles and non-motorized vehicles. However, because of various factors, riders of non-motorized vehicles have been observed using lanes for motorized vehicles instead of lanes for non-motorized vehicles, which usually negatively influences the performance of signalized intersections and sometimes may cause serious problems such as traffic congestion and accidents. The objective of this paper is to explore factors influencing the lane choice of riders of non-motorized vehicles at exit legs of signalized at-grade intersections and develop a prediction model for riders\u2019 lane choice. Data concerning the lane choice of riders of non-motorized vehicles and other impacting factors were collected at exit legs of four typical signalized at-grade intersections. Applying binary logistic regression, a probability prediction model was developed to explain how various factors influence the lane choice of riders of non-motorized vehicles. The prediction model indicates that female riders of non-motorized vehicles have a higher probability of choosing the lane for non-motorized vehicles than male riders. Compared with riders of non-motorized vehicles powered by electricity, riders of traditional man-powered bicycles are more likely to choose the lane for non-motorized vehicles. Right-turning riders of non-motorized vehicles are more likely to choose the lane for non-motorized vehicles than straight-going riders, who in turn, are more likely to choose the lane for non-motorized vehicles than left-turning riders. Decreasing the volume of non-motorized vehicles, increasing the volume of motorized vehicles, and widening the lane for non-motorized vehicles will increase the probability of the correct choice of lane for non-motorized vehicles. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the observed facts. The model is meaningful for guidance on the design and management of signalized at-grade intersections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1623415477000},"page":"6327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Factors Impacting on the Lane Choice of Riders of Non-Motorized Vehicles at Exit Legs of Signalized At-Grade Intersections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Road and Traffic Engineering Education (Southeast University), Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Road and Traffic Engineering Education (Southeast University), Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Road and Traffic Engineering Education (Southeast University), Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., and Wu, L. (2020, January 14\u201316). Factors Impacting Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Automobiles on the Streets of Chinese Counties. Proceedings of the CICTP 2020 Proceedings: Transportation Evolution Impacting Future Mobility, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483053.179"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Wu, L., and Chen, J. (2021). Measurement Models for Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors of Passenger Cars Considering Characteristics of Roads and Traffic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041594"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wei, L.Y., and Kai, L. (2008). Bicycle following behavior at signalized intersection. J. Jilin Univ. (Eng. Technol. Ed.), Available online: https:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTotal-JLGY200801011.htm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., Xiang, Z., and Tian, H. (2008, January 25\u201327). A multi-body model for the simulation of rider and mountain bike coupled system. Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control & Automation, Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCICA.2008.4593169"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Zhang, L., and Wei-Jie, A.P. (2010). Unsafe Behavior Improved Model for Bicycle Riding Based on Theory of Planned Behavior. China Saf. Sci. J. (CSSJ), Available online: https:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTotal-ZAQK201007010.htm."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"15","article-title":"Analyzing Electric Bicycle Rider\u2019s Unsafe Crossing Behavior Based on Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Transp."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wilbur, M.H., and Schroeder, P.B. (2014, January 12\u201316). Distracted Bike Riding and Its Discontents: Findings from the 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2017.11.003","article-title":"Errors and Violations in Relation to Bicyclists\u2019 Crash Risks: Development of the Bicycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (BRBQ)","volume":"8","author":"Hezaveh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"990","article-title":"Traffic safety related attitudes and behaviors among bicycle and electric bicycle riders: A comparison study","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"118","article-title":"Factor Analysis and Related Factors Study on Electric Bicycle Risk Driving Behavior","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Jiaotong Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.06.002","article-title":"Unsafe riding behaviors of shared-bicycle riders in urban China: A retrospective survey","volume":"131","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.032","article-title":"The effects of sunshields on red light running behavior of cyclists and electric bike riders","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.05.016","article-title":"Risky riding: Naturalistic methods comparing safety behavior from conventional bicycle riders and electric bike riders","volume":"82","author":"Langford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"424","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Risky Behaviors of Electric Bicycles at Signalized Intersections","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crash Prev. Inj. Control"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yue, L., Ye, J., and Shi, X. (2015, January 11\u201315). Characteristics of Moped Conflict with Other Vehicles at Intersections. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA. Available online: https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/view\/1337857."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1643015","article-title":"E-bikers\u2019 braking behavior: Results from a naturalistic cycling study","volume":"20","author":"Dozza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1542138","article-title":"Analysis of risk-taking behaviors of electric bicycle riders in response to pedestrian countdown signal devices","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Schwebel, D.C., Zhang, L., Xiao, W., and Hu, G. (2020). Unsafe Bicycling Behavior in Changsha, China: A Video-Based Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093256"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2018.09.004","article-title":"Cyclist casualty severity at roundabouts\u2014To what extent do the geometric characteristics of roundabouts play a part?","volume":"67","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.11.006","article-title":"Safety of bicyclists in roundabouts with mixed traffic: Video analyses of behavioural and surrogate safety indicators","volume":"76","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.09.028","article-title":"Sharing is (s)caring? Interactions between buses and bicyclists on bus lanes shared with bicyclists","volume":"46","author":"Dorleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"226","article-title":"Modelling overtaking strategy and lateral distance in car-to-cyclist overtaking on rural roads: A driving simulator experiment","volume":"63","author":"Farah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948750","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2948750","article-title":"Safety Performance Evaluation of a Three-Leg Unsignalized Intersection Using Traffic Conflict Analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1305890","article-title":"Exploring Factors Impacting Paths of Left-Turning Vehicles from Minor Road Approach at Un-signalized Intersections","volume":"2016","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/12\/6327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:12Z","timestamp":1760163192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/12\/6327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18126327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18126327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}}}