{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:51:45Z","timestamp":1792511505173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although corticosteroids can serve as an effective anti-inflammatory adjuvant therapy, the role of adjunctive steroid therapy in pediatric bacterial meningitis in Taiwan remains under-investigated. Cases of acute bacterial meningitis, aged between 1 month and 20 years, were divided into a steroid group (empirical antibiotics with adjunctive steroid therapy) and a non-steroid group (empirical antibiotics only). Data were identified from the annual hospitalization discharge claims of the National Health Insurance Research Database using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Of the 8083 episodes enrolled in this study, 26% (2122\/8083) and 74% (5961\/8083) were divided into the steroid and non-steroid groups, respectively. The fatality rates were 7.9% in the steroid group and 1.7% in the non-steroid group during hospitalization (p &lt; 0.0001). In the steroid and non-steroid groups, the median length of hospital stay was 13 and 6 days, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001). Medical costs (median (interquartile range)) of hospitalization were 77,941 (26,647\u2013237,540) and 26,653 (14,287\u201353,421) New Taiwan dollars in the steroid and non-steroid groups, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001). The steroid group had a more fulminant course at baseline, a higher fatality rate, length of hospital stay, and medical cost of hospitalization. Therefore, the beneficial effects of the adjunctive use of corticosteroids in pediatric bacterial meningitis are inconclusive, and additional prospective multicenter investigations are required to clarify this issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"6386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nationwide Population-Based Epidemiological Study for Outcomes of Adjunctive Steroid Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Bacterial Meningitis in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dong-Yi","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ru","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Yi","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Neng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben-Chung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Te","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Hsien","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199305000-00008","article-title":"Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Baraff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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