{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:25:05Z","timestamp":1772252705169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant","award":["71874087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71874087"]}]},{"name":"International PhD Programme of Nanjing Medical University","award":["C027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The household registration system (Hukou) in China classifies persons into rural or urban citizens and determines eligibility for state-provided services and welfare. Not taking actual residence into account may underestimate rural\u2013urban differences. This study investigates rural\u2013urban inequalities in self-reported health outcomes among older adults aged 60+, taking into account both Hukou and actual residence, adjusting for sociodemographic determinants, based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011 and 2015. Self-Rated Health (SRH) was assessed with a single question, functional abilities were assessed with the Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) scales, and depression was assessed with the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Rural respondents had poorer socioeconomic status and higher prevalence of poor SRH, functional disabilities, and depression than urban respondents in both years, which were closely related to rural\u2013urban differences in educational level and income. Impairments appeared at a younger age among rural respondents. Analyses using only Hukou registration and not actual residence resulted in underestimation of rural\u2013urban differences. This study may serve as a basis for interventions to address rural\u2013urban differences in health and social services and reduce health inequalities among Chinese older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"6557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Rural\u2013Urban Inequalities in Poor Self-Rated Health, Self-Reported Functional Disabilities, and Depression among Chinese Older Adults: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011 and 2015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2438-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Centre for Health Policy Studies, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Health Outcomes and Economic Evaluation Research Group, Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Burstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Policy Studies, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Centre for Health Policy Studies, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Burstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Policy Studies, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Health Outcomes and Economic Evaluation Research Group, Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, J.S., Norstr\u00f6m, F., and Ng, N. 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