{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:22:13Z","timestamp":1791238933838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A marked reduction in fertility and an increase in adverse reproductive outcomes during the last few decades have been associated with occupational and environmental chemical exposures. Exposure to different types of pesticides may increase the risks of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease, but also of reduced fertility and birth defects. Both occupational and environmental exposures to pesticides are important, as many are endocrine disruptors, which means that even very low-dose exposure levels may have measurable biological effects. The aim of this review was to summarize the knowledge collected between 2000 and 2020, to highlight new findings, and to further interpret the mechanisms that may associate pesticides with infertility, abnormal sexual maturation, and pregnancy complications associated with occupational, environmental and transplacental exposures. A summary of current pesticide production and usage legislation is also included in order to elucidate the potential impact on exposure profile differences between countries, which may inform prevention measures. Recommendations for the medical surveillance of occupationally exposed populations, which should be facilitated by the biomonitoring of reduced fertility, is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"6576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Reproductive Health Risks Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Pesticides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Fucic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu C.","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tihana","family":"Maric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0028-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helle R.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Vena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.573","article-title":"Semen quality and sexual hormones in greenhouse workers","volume":"26","author":"Abell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. 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