{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:05:44Z","timestamp":1760234744935,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["U2RTW010088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2RTW010088"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticides are suspected of being endocrine disruptors. This cross-sectional study measured serum samples for levels of thyroid hormones including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) among Indonesian female farmers (n = 127) and non-farmers (n = 127). A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics and risk factors including work characteristics and frequency, and the use of home and agricultural pesticides. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the distribution of the clinical categories of thyroid levels between farmers and non-farmers except for FT3 and T4. However, in multivariable regression controlling for confounders, FT3 and T4 were significantly higher for farmers compared to non-farmers. In addition, 32% of farmers had clinically low iodine levels and 49% of non-farmers had clinically high iodine levels. We conclude that pesticide exposure may not be as important as iodine intake in explaining these findings. We recommend counseling by health workers about the importance of using iodized salt for farmers and counseling about high iodine foods that need to be avoided for non-farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T22:00:02Z","timestamp":1624226402000},"page":"6618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels between Women Farmers and Non-Farmers in Banten Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dian","family":"Mardhiyah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Nedra","family":"Komaruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fasli Nedra","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sri","family":"Wuryanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syukrini","family":"Bahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qomariah","family":"Qomariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Insan","family":"Sosiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himmi","family":"Marsiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Legiono","family":"Legiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harliansyah","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Woskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3482-3705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Kongtip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Direktorat Jenderal Tanaman Pangan (2020, December 19). 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