{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:47:39Z","timestamp":1791589659792,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is increasing evidence that healthcare workers (HCWs) experience significant psychological distress during an epidemic or pandemic. Considering the increase in emerging infectious diseases and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is timely to review and synthesize the available evidence on the psychological impact of disease outbreaks on HCWs. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to examine the impact of epidemics and pandemics on the mental health of HCWs. Method: PubMed, PsycInfo, and PsycArticles databases were systematically searched from inception to June-end 2020 for studies reporting the impact of a pandemic\/epidemic on the mental health of HCWs. Results: Seventy-six studies were included in this review. Of these, 34 (45%) focused on SARS, 28 (37%) on COVID-19, seven (9%) on MERS, four (5%) on Ebola, two (3%) on H1N1, and one (1%) on H7N9. Most studies were cross-sectional (93%) and were conducted in a hospital setting (95%). Common mental health symptoms identified by this review were acute stress disorder, depression, anxiety, insomnia, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The associated risk factors were working in high-risk environments (frontline), being female, being a nurse, lack of adequate personal protective equipment, longer shifts, lack of knowledge of the virus, inadequate training, less years of experience in healthcare, lack of social support, and a history of quarantine. Conclusion: HCWs working in the frontline during epidemics and pandemics experience a wide range of mental health symptoms. It is imperative that adequate psychological support be provided to HCWs during and after these extraordinary distressful events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1624366930000},"page":"6695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["The Impact of Epidemics and Pandemics on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottilia Cassandra","family":"Chigwedere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anvar","family":"Sadath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Arensman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sim, F., McKee, M., and Sim, F. 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