{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:31:30Z","timestamp":1791811890760,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, the effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on bioactive compounds, the ultrastructural modifications which can occur, and elemental content of wheat were investigated. Changes in the wheat plants grown in presence or absence of CuO NPs were estimated. The application of CuO NPs decreased the amounts of chlorophylls and carotenoids and increased the amounts of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the plants treated with CuO NPs were negatively affected. Soil amending completely inhibited the accumulation of seventeen elements, while K, Br, Al, and Zn were accumulated and Cl, Na, Ba, and Sr content decreased in wheat samples, regardless of the type of NPs applied. The application of chemically obtained NPs induced the most significant changes, completely blocking the assimilation of Fe, Mo, As, Sb, and Sm, and favoring much higher accumulation of Br than biogenic NPs. The decrease in chlorophylls and carotenoids is correlated with increase in antioxidant capacity, and occurs with increase of Mo, Al, Mg, K, Zn, and Ca content. The behavior of total polyphenols is correlated with Br content, and antagonist to Al behavior. From the point of view of bioactive compounds, the most affected plants were those that grew in the presence of CuO-NP-cel, while from the point of view of elementary analysis, the most affected plants were those grown in the presence of CuO-NP. By corroborating the obtained results, it was found that the CuO NPs have a negative effect on wheat plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T03:22:00Z","timestamp":1624418520000},"page":"6739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Impact Assessment of CuO Nanoparticles on the Composition and Ultrastructure of Triticum aestivum L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ildiko","family":"Lung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-2739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ocsana","family":"Opri\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Loredana","family":"Soran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otilia","family":"Culicov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie, 141980 Dubna, Russia"},{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Cior\u00ee\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Stegarescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Zinicovscaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie, 141980 Dubna, Russia"},{"name":"Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 407 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Yushin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Vergel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Kacso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Borodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Diverse influence of nanoparticles on plant growth with a particular emphasis on crop plants","volume":"69","author":"Gawecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Agrobot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.05.061","article-title":"Effect of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on growth and physiology of globally important food crops: A critical review","volume":"322","author":"Rizwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2014.893327","article-title":"State of-the-art report on use of nanomaterials in concrete","volume":"15","author":"Safiuddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3654-4","article-title":"Methane oxidation and abundance of methane oxidizers in tropical agricultural soil (vertisol) in response to CuO and ZnO nanoparticles contamination","volume":"186","author":"Mohanty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.04.024","article-title":"Interaction of metal oxide nanoparticles with higher terrestrial plants: Physiological and biochemical aspects","volume":"110","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2017.00078","article-title":"Impact of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on plant: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Rastogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2016.1172081","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and applications of copper nanoparticles","volume":"50","author":"Din","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.02.014","article-title":"Comparative phytotoxicity of ZnO NPs, bulk ZnO, and ionic zinc onto the alfalfa plants symbiotically associated with Sinorhizobium meliloti in soil","volume":"515","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EN00025K","article-title":"Effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on asparagus lettuce cultured in an agar medium","volume":"1","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.08.029","article-title":"Foliar applied nanoscale and microscale CeO2 and CuO alter cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit quality","volume":"563\u2013564","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.03.031","article-title":"Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: Phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation","volume":"408","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2017.1310944","article-title":"Interactions between nanoparticles and plants: Phytotoxicity and defense mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2004.10589681","article-title":"Nanoparticles and higher plants","volume":"62","author":"Monica","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caryologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-017-0466-3","article-title":"Effects of copper nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on crop plants: A Mini Review","volume":"8","author":"Rajput","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104517j","article-title":"Interaction of nanoparticles with edible plants and their possible implications in the food chain","volume":"59","author":"Rico","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12391","DOI":"10.1021\/es301977w","article-title":"Effect of surface charge on the uptake and distribution of gold nanoparticles in four plant species","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.04.041","article-title":"Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles on amino acids in wheat grains (Triticum aestivum) in a life cycle study","volume":"241","author":"Wanga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.08.005","article-title":"Cu from dissolution of CuO nanoparticles signals changes in root morphology","volume":"110","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60646-8","article-title":"Quantifying the adsorption and uptake of CuO nanoparticles by wheat root based on chemical extractions","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02111","article-title":"Temporal evolution of copper distribution and speciation in roots of Triticum aestivum exposed to CuO, Cu(OH)2, and CuS nanoparticles","volume":"52","author":"Lombi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.05.044","article-title":"Impact of nano-CuO stress on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings","volume":"93","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2019.1577699","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Premna integrifolia (L.) rich in polyphenols and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00799","article-title":"Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their potential applications to treat cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01074-x","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: A review","volume":"19","author":"Jadoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2015.07.026","article-title":"Silicon nanoparticles (SiNp) alleviate chromium (VI) phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum (L.) seedlings","volume":"96","author":"Tripathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00046","article-title":"Silicon nanoparticles more efficiently alleviate arsenate toxicity than silicon in maize cultiver and hybrid differing in arsenate tolerance","volume":"4","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137393","article-title":"Effects, uptake, and translocation of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in lettuce: A comparison study to phytotoxic aluminum ions","volume":"719","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN01215J","article-title":"TiO2 nanoparticle exposure on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): Dose-dependent deterioration of nutritional quality","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, November 15). Crops. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QC\/vizualize."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-017-0304-x","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Chelidonium majus extract at phenological stages","volume":"60","author":"Khodabande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.09.015","article-title":"Phenolic compounds of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and influence of in vitro digestion on their antioxidant capacity","volume":"19","author":"Pinacho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha4129077","article-title":"Chemical composition of celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) extract and its effects on Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) lind fungus and the tulip","volume":"41","author":"Parvu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj Napoca"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"533","article-title":"Synthesis of copper nanoparticles by two different methods and size comparision","volume":"5","author":"Kathad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-014-0022-1","article-title":"Methodology for infrared spectroscopy analysis of sandwich multilayer samples of historical materials","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.03.046","article-title":"Investigating the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the composition and ultrastructure of green leafy vegetables with important nutritional values","volume":"151","author":"Lung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Phys. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichtenthaler, H.K., and Buschmann, C. (2001). Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry (Units: F4.3.1\u2013F4.3.8), John Wiley & Sons Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142913.faf0402s01"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC1001045I","article-title":"Determination of the polyphenol contents in Macedonian grapes and wines by standardized spectrophotometric methods","volume":"75","author":"Ivanova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"571","article-title":"Ft-Ir and Uv-Vis Characterization of Grape Extracts Used as Antioxidants in Polymers","volume":"60","author":"Bancuta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Chim."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cior\u00ee\u021b\u0103, A., Tripon, S.C., Mircea, I.G., Podar, D., Barbu-Tudoran, L., Mircea, C., and P\u00e2rvu, M. (2021). The Morphological and Anatomical Traits of the Leaf in Representative Vinca Species Observed on Indoor- and Outdoor-Grown Plants. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040622"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063779611020043","article-title":"Neutron activation analysis in the life sciences. A review","volume":"42","author":"Frontasyeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Part. Nuclei"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8279-4","article-title":"Elemental content of mosses and lichens from Livingston Island (Antarctica) as determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)","volume":"24","author":"Culicov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-016-4864-8","article-title":"Automation system for neutron activation analysis at the reactor IBR-2, Frank Laboratory of neutron physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia","volume":"309","author":"Pavlov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(94)00055-I","article-title":"Metal biomonitoring with mosses: Procedures for correcting for soil contamination","volume":"89","author":"Bargagli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.01.005","article-title":"Strategies of heavy metal uptake by plants growing under industrial emissions","volume":"33","author":"Mingorance","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohatsu, M.Y., Pelegrino, M.T., Monteiro, L.R., Freire, B.M., Pereira, R.M., Fincheira, P., Rubilar, O., Tortella, G., Batista, B.L., and de Jesus, T.A. (2021). Comparison of foliar spray and soil irrigation of biogenic CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on elemental uptake and accumulation in lettuce. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12169-x"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2018.06.011","article-title":"Azadirachta indica leaves mediated green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis through activation of TNF-\u03b1 and caspases signaling pathway against cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/745120","article-title":"Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (green-gold) using leaf extract of Terminalia catappa","volume":"7","author":"Ankamwar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1000452","article-title":"Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using (Prunus persica) plants extract: Exploring its antimicrobial and catalytic activities","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2174\/157340711796011142","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of seagrass polyphenols","volume":"7","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Bioact. Compd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S29020","article-title":"Size-dependent antimicrobial properties of CuO nanoparticles against Gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains","volume":"7","author":"Azam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.05.062","article-title":"Nerium oleander leaves extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its antioxidant activity","volume":"156","author":"Tahir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"16","article-title":"Surfactant assisted synthesis of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles via solvothermal process","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.09.005","article-title":"Cu\/Cu2O\/CuO nanoparticles: Novel synthesis by exploding wire technique and extensive characterization","volume":"390","author":"Sahai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.2.8641556","article-title":"Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis","volume":"10","author":"Armstrong","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1021\/jf035372g","article-title":"Screening for antioxidant activity in edible plant products: Comparison of low-density lipoprotein oxidation assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and Folin-Ciocalteu assay","volume":"52","author":"Katsube","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0167-5","article-title":"Effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on growth, morphology, photosynthesis, and antioxidant response in Oryza sativa","volume":"54","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.766768","article-title":"Phytoxicity and accumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles to the Cu tolerant plant Elshotlzia splendens","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1021\/es202660k","article-title":"Copper oxide nanoparticle mediated DNA damage in terrestrial plant models","volume":"46","author":"Atha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EM00551A","article-title":"Toxic effects of copper-based nanoparticles or compounds to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa)","volume":"17","author":"Honga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05546","article-title":"Copper oxide nanoparticle foliar uptake. Phytotoxicity, and consequences for sustainable urban agriculture","volume":"51","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1134\/S1067413611060117","article-title":"Effects of copper(II) ions and copper oxide nanoparticles on Elodea densa planch","volume":"42","author":"Nekrasova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Russ. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.24218\/jnat.2015.02","article-title":"Potential of copper nanoparticles to increase growth and yield of wheat","volume":"1","author":"Hafeez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1125-9","article-title":"CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: Phytotoxicity, metal speciation, and induction of oxidative stress in sand-grown wheat","volume":"14","author":"Dimkpa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1897\/07-481.1","article-title":"Toxicity and bioavailability of copper nanoparticles to the terrestrial plants mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum): Plant agar test for water-insoluble nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.12692\/ijb\/6.4.112-117","article-title":"Effect of silver, copper and iron nanoparticles on wheat germination","volume":"6","author":"Yasmeen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.066","article-title":"Impact of copper nanoparticles and ionic copper exposure on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root morphology and antioxidant response","volume":"239","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"94","article-title":"Soil contamination evaluation by Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo)","volume":"2","author":"Barbieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Senses Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.2001.0879","article-title":"Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China\u2014Weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha4119093","article-title":"Influence of bulk and nanoparticles titanium foliar application on some agronomic traits, seed gluten and starch contents of wheat subjected to water deficit stress","volume":"41","author":"Jaberzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj Napoca"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2012.683209","article-title":"Uptake and translocation of Ti from nanoparticles in crops and wetland plants","volume":"15","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediat."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.689800","article-title":"Comparative uptake and impact of TiO2 nanoparticles in wheat and rapeseed","volume":"75","author":"Larue","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effect on germination and early growth characteristics in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Mahmoodzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Health Risks"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, S., Singh, B.R., Singh, A., Keswani, C., Naqvi, A.H., and Singh, H.B. (2014). Biofabricated silver nanoparticles act as a strong fungicide against Bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch disease in wheat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097881"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"595","article-title":"Effects of alumina nanoparticles on morphological properties and antioxidant system of Triticum aestivum","volume":"3","author":"Rezaee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"277","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and its effect on tomato and wheat plants","volume":"7","author":"Farghaly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-S1-S2","article-title":"Assessing exposure, uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles from contaminated environments","volume":"8","author":"Gaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10837","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005632107","article-title":"Colorimetric detection of DNA, small molecules, proteins, and ions using unmodified gold nanoparticles and conjugated polyelectrolytes","volume":"107","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.32598\/IJT.10.2.336.1","article-title":"Accumulation and soil-to-plant transfer factor of lead and manganese in some plant species in Semnan province, central Iran","volume":"10","author":"Sakizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052027","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/44\/5\/052027","article-title":"Concentrations and soil-to-plant transfer factor of selenium in soil and plant species from an arid area","volume":"44","author":"Sakizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-007-9100-9","article-title":"Growth, yield and elements content of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in composted municipal solid wastes amended soil","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"315","article-title":"Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth and Zn uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by seed priming method","volume":"13","author":"Munir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.8230","article-title":"Trace element concentrations in the grain of wheat cultivars as affected by nitrogen fertilization","volume":"22","author":"Svecnjak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.17221\/688\/2011-PSE","article-title":"A comparison of macro- and microelement concentrations in the whole grain of four Triticum species","volume":"58","author":"Suchowilska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90416-X","article-title":"Fallout of lead and uptake by crops","volume":"17","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1983","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/01904168109362867","article-title":"Accumulators and excluders: Strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802139-2.00006-8","article-title":"Management of soil acidity of South American soils for sustainable crop production","volume":"128","author":"Fageria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2013.736140","article-title":"Total potassium to exchangeable potassium ratios as a guide to sustainable soil potassium supply","volume":"44","author":"Rayment","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"179","article-title":"Relationships between available and exchangeable potassium content and other soil properties","volume":"XXXVIII(2)","author":"Kozak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"McLean, E.O. (1977). Contrasting concepts in soil test interpretation: Sufficiency levels of available nutrients versus basic cation saturation ratios. Soil Testing: Correlation and Interpretation Analytical Results, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication No 29."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, F. (1984). Crop responses to lime in the Midwestern United States. Soil Acidity and Liming, ASA, CSAA ad SSSA. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr12.2ed"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"19","article-title":"Potassium needs of New Jersey soils","volume":"721","author":"Bear","year":"1945","journal-title":"N. J. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2298\/PIF1401021P","article-title":"Chlorophyll as a measure of plant health: Agroecological aspects","volume":"29","author":"Waisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pestic. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1071\/FP08288","article-title":"Copper in plants: Acquisition, transport and interactions","volume":"36","author":"Yruela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.10.012","article-title":"Copper toxicity in Prunus cerasifera: Growth and antioxidant enzymes responses of in vitro grown plants","volume":"168","author":"Lombardi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.013060","article-title":"The involvement of a multicopper oxidase in iron uptake by the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"130","author":"Herbik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.004788","article-title":"Excess copper predisposes photosystem II to photoinhibition in vivo by outcompeting iron and causing decrease in leaf chlorophyll","volume":"129","author":"Kairavuo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.01.026","article-title":"Root structural aspects associated with copper toxicity in oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp","volume":"166","author":"Basabalidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"hirtum). Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2006.09.005","article-title":"Foliar and root Cu supply affect differently Fe and Zn uptake and photosynthetic activity in soybean plants","volume":"60","author":"Bernal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-015-0038-0","article-title":"Soil fertility status and wheat nutrient content in Vertisol cropping systems of central highlands of Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Hailu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00483363","article-title":"Establishing of \u201creference plant\u201d for inorganic characterization of different plant species by chemical fingerprint","volume":"64","author":"Markert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1881","article-title":"The interaction of zinc with other elements in plants: A review","volume":"4","author":"Mousavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Marschner, H., and Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner\u2019s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-013-1589-0","article-title":"Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plants","volume":"368","author":"Verbruggen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Plank, C.O., and Kissel, D.E. (2021, March 15). Plant Analysis Handbook for Georgia. Agricultural & Environmental Services Laboratories. Available online: http:\/\/aesl.ces.uga.edu\/publications\/plant\/Nutrient.asp."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcg164","article-title":"Calcium in plants","volume":"92","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/13\/6739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:21:40Z","timestamp":1760163700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/13\/6739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18136739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18136739","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}