{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:34:40Z","timestamp":1792427680138,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Child and youth self-poisoning is a growing public health issue in many regions of the world, including British Columbia (BC), Canada, where 15\u201319-year-olds have the highest rates of self-poisoning hospitalizations compared with those of all other ages. The purpose of this study was to identify what substances children and youth commonly used to poison themselves in BC and how socioeconomic status may impact self-poisoning risk. Self-poisoning hospitalization rates among 10\u201314 and 15\u201319-year-olds from 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2020 were calculated by substance using ICD-10-CA codes X60-X69 and T36-T65, as well as by socioeconomic status using the Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec\u2019s Deprivation Index. Nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics, and antirheumatics were the most common substances involved, with rates of 27.6 and 74.3 per 100,000 population among 10\u201314 and 15\u201319-year-olds, respectively, followed by antiepileptic, sedative\u2013hypnotic, antiparkinsonism, and psychotropic drugs, with rates of 20.2 and 68.1 per 100,000 population among 10\u201314 and 15\u201319-year-olds, respectively. In terms of socioeconomic status, rates were highest among 10\u201319-year-olds living in neighbourhoods with the fewest social connections (243.7 per 100,000 population). These findings can inform poisoning prevention strategies and relevant policies, thereby reducing the number of self-poisoning events among children and youth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"7003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Analyses of Child and Youth Self-Poisoning Hospitalizations by Substance and Socioeconomic Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8497-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Pawer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahra","family":"Rajabali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Purssell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Drug and Poison Information Centre, BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6860-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60741-8","article-title":"Global patterns of mortality in young people: A systematic analysis of population health data","volume":"374","author":"Patton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000871","article-title":"Emergency department visits for attempted suicide and self harm in the USA: 2006\u20132013","volume":"27","author":"Canner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30373-6","article-title":"Mortality in children and adolescents following presentation to hospital after non-fatal self-harm in the Multicentre Study of Self-harm: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Hawton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5954","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5954","article-title":"Clinical and social outcomes of adolescent self harm: Population based birth cohort study","volume":"349","author":"Mars","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30478-9","article-title":"Incidence of suicide, hospital-presenting non-fatal self-harm, and community-occurring non-fatal self-harm in adolescents in England (the iceberg model of self-harm): A retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"Geulayov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026001","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026001","article-title":"Trends in self-poisoning and psychotropic drug use in people aged 5\u201319 years: A population-based retrospective cohort study in Australia","volume":"9","author":"Cairns","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.045","article-title":"Sex- and Age-specific Increases in Suicide Attempts by Self-Poisoning in the United States among Youth and Young Adults from 2000 to 2018","volume":"210","author":"Spiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"158","article-title":"Self-poisoning among British Columbian children and youth: Demographic and geographic characteristics","volume":"63","author":"Pawer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BC Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029416","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the health of youth: A multilevel, multidomain approach to conceptualizing pathways","volume":"139","author":"Schreier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003176","article-title":"Ethnicity, socio-economic status and self-harm in Swedish youth: A national cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Jablonska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02457.x","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 self-reported suicide attempts, self-harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries","volume":"53","author":"Kokkevi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-017-0184-1","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and self-harm among adolescents: A population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"11","author":"Lodebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"213","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health among Youth Seeking Substance Use and Mental Health Treatment","volume":"27","author":"Settipani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Can. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gamache, P., Hamel, D., and Blaser, C. (2021, April 15). The Material and Social Deprivation Index: A Summary. Available online: https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2639_material_social_deprivation_index.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec (2016). The Challenges of Updating the Deprivation Index with Data from the 2011 Census and the National Household Survey (NHS), Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-019-0198-7","article-title":"The association of material deprivation component measures with injury hospital separations in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"6","author":"Rajabali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.12.010","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health on Glycemic Control in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"162","author":"Zuijdwijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0646-y","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-harm and suicide attempts in adolescents: Differences in kind or in degree?","volume":"48","author":"Rossow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002497","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions","volume":"41","author":"Klonsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information (2018). Canadian Coding Standards for Version 2018 ICD-10-CA and CCI. 2018, Canadian Institute for Health Information."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, December 18). Census Profile, 2011 Census [Internet]. Statistics Canada. Available online: https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2011\/dp-pd\/prof\/index.cfm?Lang=E."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, December 18). Census Profile, 2016 Census [Internet]. Statistics Canada. Available online: https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/dp-pd\/prof\/index.cfm?Lang=E."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-017-0181-1","article-title":"Forensic toxicology analysis of self-poisoning suicidal deaths in Tehran, Iran; trends between 2011\u20132015","volume":"25","author":"Kordrostami","year":"2017","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx149","article-title":"Hospitalizations due to self-poisoning at a Canadian paediatric hospital","volume":"23","author":"Chafe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"495","article-title":"Patterns in poisoning hospitalizations and deaths in British Columbia, 2008 to 2013","volume":"60","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BC Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e703","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X698897","article-title":"Poisoning substances taken by young people: A population-based cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1665182","article-title":"Suicide attempts by self-poisoning in the United States among 10\u201325 year olds from 2000 to 2018: Substances used, temporal changes and demographics","volume":"58","author":"Spiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.037","article-title":"Suicide attempts by deliberate self-poisoning in children and adolescents","volume":"210","author":"Zakharov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prescription medication use by Canadians aged 6 to 79","volume":"25","author":"Rotermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709005741","article-title":"Hospital admission for non-fatal poisoning with weak analgesics and risk for subsequent suicide: A population study","volume":"39","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Partnership for a Drug Free America (2006). Generation Rx: National Study Confirms Abuse of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs, Partnership for a Drug Free America."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f403","article-title":"Long term effect of reduced pack sizes of paracetamol on poisoning deaths and liver transplant activity in England and Wales: Interrupted time series analyses","volume":"346","author":"Hawton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"335","article-title":"Suicide prevention-targeting the patient at risk","volume":"35","author":"Bridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12423","article-title":"Factors that influence young people\u2019s mental health help-seeking behaviour: A study based on the Health Belief Model","volume":"70","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2020, May 14). Foundry Virtual BC [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/foundrybc.ca\/virtual."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9450-8","article-title":"Preventing Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: The Signs of Self-Injury Program","volume":"39","author":"Muehlenkamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"BC Coroner (2020, May 10). Supporting Youth and Health Professionals: A Report on Youth Suicides; 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/assets\/gov\/birth-adoption-death-marriage-and-divorce\/deaths\/coroners-service\/child-death-review-unit\/reports-publications\/youth_suicide_drp_report_2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-016-9384-0","article-title":"Talking About Youth Health: An Example of Engaging Youth to Improve Child and Youth Health Indicators in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2307\/590279","article-title":"Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North","volume":"40","author":"Blane","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2020, May 08). Census family-2011 Census Dictionary [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2011\/ref\/dict\/fam004-eng.cfm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2019.1614130","article-title":"Self-harm prevalence and ideation in a community sample of cis, trans and other youth","volume":"20","author":"Butler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgend."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2017.1370627","article-title":"Non-binary and binary transgender youth: Comparison of mental health, self-harm, suicidality, substance use and victimization experiences","volume":"20","author":"Rimes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgend."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, March 05). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/13\/7003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:46Z","timestamp":1760163826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/13\/7003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18137003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18137003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}}}