{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:42:06Z","timestamp":1762508526226,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital","award":["CSMU-HCMMH-107-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-HCMMH-107-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The choice of ovarian stimulation protocols in assisted reproduction technology (ART) cycles for low ovarian reserve patients is challenging. Our previous report indicated that the gonadotrophin-releasing (GnRH) agonist (GnRHa) protocol is better than the GnRH antagonist (GnRHant) protocol for young age poor responders. Here, we recruited 269 patients with anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) &lt; 1.2 ng\/mL undergoing their first ART cycles for this nested case-control study. We investigated the genetic variants of the relevant genes, including follicular stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR; rs6166), AMH (rs10407022), GnRH (rs6185), and GnRH receptor (GnRHR; rs3756159) in patients &lt;35 years (n = 86) and patients \u226535 years of age (n = 183). Only the genotype of GnRHR (rs3756159) is distributed differently in young (CC 39.5%, CT\/TT 60.5%) versus advanced (CC 24.0%, CT\/TT 76.0%) age groups (recessive model, p = 0.0091). Furthermore, the baseline luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (3.60 (2.45 to 5.40) vs. 4.40 (2.91 to 6.48)) are different between CC and CT\/TT genotype of GnRHR (rs3756159). In conclusion, the genetic variants of GnRHR (rs3756159) could modulate the release of LH in the pituitary gland and might then affect the outcome of ovarian stimulation by GnRHant or GnRHa protocols for patients with low AMH levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"7006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between GnRH Receptor Polymorphisms and Luteinizing Hormone Levels for Low Ovarian Reserve Infertile Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shun-Long","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan"},{"name":"Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei 11260, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6312-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Ling","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-I","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Women\u2019s Hospital, Taichung 40602, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hsien","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Women\u2019s Hospital, Taichung 40602, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0365-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun-Fa","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maw-Sheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Women\u2019s Hospital, Taichung 40602, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8858-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-Hsien","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Women\u2019s Hospital, Taichung 40602, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr037","article-title":"The poor responder in IVF: Is the prognosis always poor? 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