{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:08:45Z","timestamp":1787926125183,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D affects both innate and adaptive immunity. Most of the effects of vitamin D on innate immunity are anti-inflammatory. In monocytes\/macrophages, vitamin D suppresses the production of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and selected cytokines\u2014IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2, which are hemogram parameters for professional football players. We enrolled 41 Polish premier league soccer players. The mean age, career duration, and VO2max were, respectively: 22.7 \u00b1 5.3 years, 14.7 \u00b1 4.5 years, and 55.8 \u00b1 4.0 mL\/kg\/min. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were measured by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) using the Elecsys system (Roche, Switzerland). Serum levels of IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 were measured by ELISA (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis). Blood count with smear was measured on a Sysmex XT-4000i analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Japan). Our study showed decreased serum 25(OH)D levels in 78% of the professional players. We found a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D levels and TNF-\u03b1 and LYMPH (%). The results also demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between vitamin D levels and NEUTH (%), NEUTH (tys\/\u00b5L), and EOS (tys\/\u00b5L). Based on the results of our study, we concluded that football players from Poland are not protected against vitamin D insufficiency in winter months. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency may be associated with an increased pro-inflammatory risk in well-trained athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T22:34:36Z","timestamp":1625438076000},"page":"7124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Relationships between Vitamin D and Selected Cytokines and Hemogram Parameters in Professional Football Players\u2014Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6677-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, Al. Paderewskiego 35, 51-617 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0649-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zagrodna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, Al. Paderewskiego 35, 51-617 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bohdanowicz-Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, ul. Pasteur 4, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicja","family":"Lwow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, Al. Paderewskiego 35, 51-617 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"S\u0142owi\u0144ska-Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, University School of Physical Education in Wroc\u0142aw, Al. Paderewskiego 35, 51-617 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9694-4","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D and inflammatory markers in older individuals","volume":"36","author":"Lauretani","year":"2014","journal-title":"AGE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010221","article-title":"Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and inflammatory cytokines in healthy adults","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency a worldwide problem with health consequences","volume":"87","author":"Holick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. 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