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This scoping review details how social environments have been operationalized in observational studies of cognitive aging and dementia. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science identified studies of social environment exposures and late-life cognition\/dementia outcomes. Data were extracted on (1) study design; (2) population; (3) social environment(s); (4) cognitive outcome(s); (5) analytic approach; and (6) theorized causal pathways. Studies were organized using a 3-tiered social ecological model at interpersonal, community, or policy levels. Results: Of 7802 non-duplicated articles, 123 studies met inclusion criteria. Eighty-four studies were longitudinal (range 1\u201328 years) and 16 examined time-varying social environments. When sorted into social ecological levels, 91 studies examined the interpersonal level; 37 examined the community\/neighborhood level; 3 examined policy level social environments; and 7 studies examined more than one level. Conclusions: Most studies of social environments and cognitive aging and dementia examined interpersonal factors measured at a single point in time. Few assessed time-varying social environmental factors or considered multiple social ecological levels. Future studies can help clarify opportunities for intervention by delineating if, when, and how social environments shape late-life cognitive aging and dementia outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T22:34:36Z","timestamp":1625438076000},"page":"7166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Operationalizing Social Environments in Cognitive Aging and Dementia Research: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6818-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duyen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Malladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Gilsanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy J. H.","family":"Kind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Disparities Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Health Services and Care Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Madison, WI 53726, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9945-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilah M.","family":"Besser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oanh L.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2011.0037","article-title":"Making the Connection Between Zoning and Health Disparities","volume":"5","author":"Rossen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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