{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:28:10Z","timestamp":1791890890144,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Association of Sports for Disabled &quot;START","award":["Ready to START \u2013 2020\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ready to START \u2013 2020\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of a 33-week swimming program on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, balance, flexibility, and body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Twenty-two adolescents diagnosed with DS were randomly allocated into the training group (T) and the control group (C). The T group participated in 33 weeks of water-based exercise and a swimming program while the control group maintained their normal daily activity. Following thirty-three weeks of swimming program, body mass, body fat, and BMI of the T group decreased significantly (from 56.8 \u00b1 7.97 kg to 55.0 \u00b1 7.11 kg, from 15.1 \u00b1 4.47 kg to 13.2 \u00b1 3.92 kg, and from 25.1 \u00b1 2.37 to 24.0 \u00b1 2.05, respectively) while a significant increase was recorded in C (from 57.3 \u00b1 8.43 kg to 59.7 \u00b1 8.29 kg, from 14.5 \u00b1 2.76 kg to 16.0 \u00b1 3.11 kg, and from 25.4 \u00b1 2.46 to 26.0 \u00b1 2.72, respectively). Moreover, significant improvement in aerobic capacity in the T group was noted; VO2max (mL\/kg\/min) increased by 16.3% in T and decreased by 4.8% in C. Improvement in static arm strength, trunk strength and endurance\/functional strength were noted in T, while the parameters did not change in C. The speed of arm movement, balance and flexibility did not change following the intervention. Also, the aquatic skills improved significantly in the training group. Changes in C were not significant. The results of our study indicate that 33-week swimming program significantly improved health status and swimming skills in adolescents with DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"7441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effectiveness of Swimming Program in Adolescents with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Naczk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, University School of Physical Education in Poznan, 66-400 Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9317-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Gajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2128-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Naczk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.06.018","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome-prevalence, determinants, consequences, and interventions: A literature review","volume":"57","author":"Bertapelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Global Health Risks Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks, World Health Organization. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01158.x","article-title":"Down syndrome: A cardiovascular perspective","volume":"53","author":"Vis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1300\/J083v38n01_03","article-title":"Barriers and support for exercise participation among adults with Down syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Heller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Pi\u00f1ero, J., Carbonell-Baeza, A., Martinez-Gomez, D., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez, S., Cabanas-S\u00e1nchez, V., Santiago, C., Veses, A.N., Bandr\u00e9s, F., Gonzalez-Galo, A., and Gomez-Gallego, F. (2014). Follow-up in healthyschoolchildren and in adolescents with DOWN syndrome: Psycho-environmental and genetic determinants of physical activity andits impact on fitness, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory biomarkersand mental health; the UP&DOWN Study. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-400"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1655","article-title":"Prediction of maximal heart rate in individuals with mental retardation","volume":"33","author":"Fernhall","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sports"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.10.002","article-title":"Impact of obesity and Down syndrome on peak heart rate and aerobic capacity in youth and adults","volume":"36C","author":"Wee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1352\/0047-6765(1998)036<0345:MAPWMR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mortality among people with mental retardation living in the united states: Research review and policy application","volume":"36","author":"Hayden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.10.022","article-title":"Associations of physical activity with fatness and fitness in adolescents with Down syndrome: The UP & DOWN study","volume":"36","author":"Villagra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2012.10.004","article-title":"Children and adolescents with Down syndrome, physical fitness and physical activity","volume":"2","author":"Pitetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Health. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"DHSC (2019). UK Chief Medical Officers Physical Activity Guidelines, Department of Health and Social Care."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global Trends in Insufficient Physical Activity among Adolescents: A Pooled Analysis of 298 Population-Based Surveys with 16 Million Participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12416","article-title":"Do adults with Down syndrome do the same amount of physical activity as adults without disability? A proof of principle study","volume":"31","author":"Shields","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5007\/1980-0037.2017v19n4p385","article-title":"Effects of aerobic and resistance training on the cardiorespiratory fitness of young people with Down Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Seron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Hum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a576","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.576","article-title":"The health benefits of exercise therapy for patients with Down syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ilinca, I., Ro\u0219ulescu, E., Cosma, G., and Danoiu, M. (2019). The influence of physiotherapy on functional fitness of adults with down syndrome. Phys. Ed. Sport Kin. J., 97\u2013100."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199302000-00018","article-title":"Effects of aerobic training in adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Millar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2018.25.1.20","article-title":"Water-based exercise for adults with Down syndrome: Findings from a preliminary study","volume":"25","author":"Carral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0198","article-title":"Changes in Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Adolescents with Down Syndrome: The UP&DOWN Longitudinal Study","volume":"15","author":"Veiga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"86","article-title":"Reliability of Eurofit physical items for adolescent males with and without mental retardation","volume":"16","author":"MacDonncha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817f19a1","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Aerobic Capacityin Individuals with Mental Retardation: A 20-yr Review","volume":"40","author":"Baynard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"366","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals with mental retardation including Down syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Fernhall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021, July 06). The American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/www.aacpdm.org\/UserFiles\/file\/BRK9c_Tirosh.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Halliwick-Based Aquatic Assessments: Reliability and Validity","volume":"3","author":"Tirosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Aquat. Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1685","article-title":"Fat and lean masses in youths with Down syndrome: Gender differences","volume":"33","author":"Ara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"314","article-title":"Obesity in children with down syndrome: Background and recommendations for management","volume":"36","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12465","article-title":"The prevalence of obesity in children and young people with Down syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"42","article-title":"Long-term effects of childhood obesity on morbidity and mortality","volume":"55","author":"Maffeis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of swimming program on body composition levels in adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Acebesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Far\u00edas-Valenzuela, C., Cofr\u00e9-Bolados, C., Ferrari, G., Espoz-Lazo, S., Arenas-S\u00e1nchez, G., \u00c1lvarez-Arangua, S., Espinoza-Salinas, A., and Valdivia-Moral, P. (2021). Effects of Motor-Games-Based Concurrent Training Program on Body Composition Indicators of Chilean Adults with Down Syndrome. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105737"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.07.024","article-title":"A combined training intervention programme increases lean mass in youths with Down syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Ara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.5.1184","article-title":"A history of physical activity, cardiovascular health and longevity: The scientific cbcontributions of Jeremy N Morris, DSc, DPH, FRCP","volume":"30","author":"Paffenbarger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01120.x","article-title":"Health-related physical fitness in children and adolescents with Down syndrome and response to training","volume":"20","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Influence of 12-Week Training on Aerobic Capacity and Respiratory Functions of Adolescents with down Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Savucu","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PEP.0000154185.55735.A0","article-title":"Effects of aerobic conditioning and strength training on a child with Down syndrome: A case study","volume":"17","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12384","article-title":"Wii-based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intellectx. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"15","article-title":"Bharatnatyam-based dance therapy in Children and and Adolescents with Down Syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Parab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2001)106<0135:EOAART>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of an aerobic rowing training regimen in young adults with Down syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Varela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4274\/jpr.galenos.2019.95530","article-title":"Investigation of the Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Children with Down Syndrome","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2015.008","article-title":"Halliwick Concept of Swimming and its Influence on Motoric Competencies of Children with Severe Disabilities","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Adapt. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000235","article-title":"Benefits and Enjoyment of a Swimming Intervention for Youth with Cerebral Palsy: An RCT Study","volume":"28","author":"Declerck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:24Z","timestamp":1760164164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18147441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]}}}