{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:17:56Z","timestamp":1779895076014,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the degree of health-related productivity loss (HRPL) for common health conditions. A total of 4197 workers participated in a web-based questionnaire survey from January to February 2020. HRPL was measured using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire, and a difference in HRPL was calculated for each common health condition. The burden of productivity loss due to each health condition was calculated by the product of the difference in HRPL scores and the percentage of participants who complained. The health conditions most strongly associated with increased HRPL were infertility treatment (30.6%), osteoporosis (25.9%), cancer (25.3%), gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer (25.0%) and anaemia (23.9%). The most important health conditions in order of their magnitude of induced burden of productivity loss were fatigue, neck or shoulder pain, insufficient sleep, back pain, headache, common cold and flu, insomnia, anxiety and diarrhoea or constipation. HRPL is more strongly and importantly associated with the aforementioned health conditions. Occupational health managers should prioritise addressing health conditions strongly and importantly associated with HRPL when implementing health promotion programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T10:52:58Z","timestamp":1626432778000},"page":"7589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Health-Related Productivity Loss According to Health Conditions among Workers in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Ryoul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1682-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo-Yeol","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200523010-00004","article-title":"Measuring Productivity Changes in Economic Evaluation: Setting the Research Agenda","volume":"23","author":"Koopmanschap","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000981","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Diseases on Work Productivity: A Propensity Score Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Fouad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200927050-00002","article-title":"The Cost and Impact of Health Conditions on Presenteeism to Employers: A Review of the Literature","volume":"27","author":"Schultz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-011-0344-9","article-title":"Loss of Labour Productivity Caused by Disease and Health Problems: What is the Magnitude of Its Effect on Spain\u2019s Economy?","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181a39180","article-title":"Health and Productivity as a Business Strategy: A Multiemployer Study","volume":"51","author":"Loeppke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001291","article-title":"Total Health-Related Costs Due to Absenteeism, Presenteeism, and Medical and Pharmaceutical Expenses in Japanese Employers","volume":"60","author":"Nagata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318133a4be","article-title":"Health and productivity as a business strategy","volume":"49","author":"Loeppke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001646","article-title":"Potential Work Time Lost Due to Sickness Absence and Presence Among Japanese Workers","volume":"61","author":"Nagata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6860-8","article-title":"Anteceding Factors Predicting Absenteeism and Presenteeism in Urban Area in Malaysia","volume":"19","author":"Wee","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bialowolski, P., McNeely, E., VanderWeele, T.J., and Weziak-Bialowolska, D. (2020). Ill Health and Distraction at Work: Costs and Drivers for Productivity Loss. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230562"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewa, C.S., Loong, D., Bonato, S., and Hees, H. (2014). Incidence Rates of Sickness Absence Related to Mental Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-205"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101571","article-title":"Absence from Work and Return to Work in People with Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Cowen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S57157","article-title":"Indirect costs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A Review of the Economic Burden on Employers and Individuals in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1619","article-title":"The Preventable Burden of Productivity Loss Due to Suboptimal Asthma Control: A Population-Based Study","volume":"145","author":"Sadatsafavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318218abf1","article-title":"Measuring Time Input Loss among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Validity and Reliability of the Valuation of Lost Productivity Questionnaire","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3583","article-title":"The Relationship between Chronic Conditions and Absenteeism and Associated Costs in Canada","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(99)00028-7","article-title":"Productivity Losses without Absence: Measurement Validation and Empirical Evidence","volume":"48","author":"Brouwer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199304050-00006","article-title":"The Validity and Reproducibility of a Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument","volume":"4","author":"Reilly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Reilly Associates (2021, April 13). WPAI Translations. Available online: http:\/\/www.reillyassociates.net\/WPAI_Translations.html."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001100365X","article-title":"Gender-Specific Relationships between Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2021.1920416","article-title":"Too Many Zeros and\/or Highly Skewed? A Tutorial on Modelling Health Behaviour as Count Data with Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000328","article-title":"Assessing the Relationship between Chronic Health Conditions and Productivity Loss Trajectories","volume":"56","author":"Besen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-009-9219-7","article-title":"Productivity Loss at Work; Health-Related and Work-Related Factors","volume":"20","author":"Geuskens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0321-9","article-title":"Four-Year Review of Presenteeism Data among Employees of a Large United States Health Care System: A Retrospective Prevalence Study","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13357","article-title":"Acute Fatigue Predicts Sickness Absence in the Workplace: A 1-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in Paediatric Nurses","volume":"73","author":"Sagherian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/216507990905701204","article-title":"Effects of Extended Work Shifts and Shift Work on Patient Safety, Productivity, and Employee Health","volume":"57","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAOHN J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20381","article-title":"Patterns of Fatigue among Seafarers during a Tour of Duty","volume":"49","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016890527520","article-title":"Self-Reported Reduced Productivity Due to Musculoskeletal Symptoms: Associations with Workplace and Individual Factors among White-Collar Computer Users","volume":"12","author":"Hagberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.06.016","article-title":"Health Problems Lead to Considerable Productivity Loss at Work among Workers with High Physical Load Jobs","volume":"58","author":"Meerding","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00424-3","article-title":"The Work Limitations Questionnaire\u2019s Validity and Reliability among Patients with Osteoarthritis","volume":"55","author":"Lerner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.18.2443","article-title":"Lost Productive Time and Cost Due to Common Pain Conditions in the US Workforce","volume":"290","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2017.1394926","article-title":"A systematic Literature Review of the Relationship between Work Hours and Sickness Absence","volume":"32","author":"Houkes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2019953","article-title":"Challenges of \u201cReturn to Work\u201d in an Ongoing Pandemic","volume":"383","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-007-9096-x","article-title":"Employee Health and Presenteeism: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.5.731","article-title":"Depressive Symptoms, Satisfaction with Health Care, and 2-Year Work Outcomes in an Employed Population","volume":"158","author":"Druss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.35371\/aoem.2021.33.e9","article-title":"The Association between Non-Regular Work Patterns and Insomnia among Korean Wage Workers: The Fifth Korean Working Condition Survey","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00545-z","article-title":"Variability in Daily or Weekly Working Hours and Self-Reported Mental Health Problems in Korea, Korean Working Condition Survey, 2017","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Burton, J. (2010). WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices, World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:30:54Z","timestamp":1760164254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18147589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]}}}