{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1777029917540,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The independent research fund Denmark","award":["0214-00127B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0214-00127B"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordic Foundation","award":["NNF17OC0027594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027594"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The everyday lives of Danish inhabitants have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, e.g., by social distancing, which was employed by the government in March 2020 to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the pandemic has entailed economic consequences for many people. This study aims to assess changes in physical and mental health-related quality of life (MCS, PCS), in stress levels, and quality of sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify factors that impact such changes, using a prospective national cohort study including 26,453 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study who answered a health questionnaire before the pandemic and during the pandemic. Descriptive statistics, multivariable linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses were applied. A worsening of MCS and quality of sleep was found, and an overall decrease in stress levels was observed. PCS was decreased in men and slightly increased in women. The extent of health changes was mainly affected by changes in job situation, type of job, previous use of anti-depressive medication and the participants\u2019 level of personal stamina. Thus, living under the unusual circumstances that persisted during the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the health of the general population. This may, in time, constitute a public health problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1626643008000},"page":"7610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep Quality, Stress Level and Health-Related Quality of Life\u2014A Large Prospective Cohort Study on Adult Danes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Didriksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Werge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6151-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schwinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaspar R.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mie T.","family":"Bruun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2489-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Banasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Erikstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sisse R.","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poul J.","family":"Jennum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Hjalgrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Ullum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole B.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, 4600 K\u00f8ge, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 17). 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Womens Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:31:12Z","timestamp":1760164272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18147610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]}}}