{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:37:31Z","timestamp":1790066251039,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Polish Ministry of Justice","award":["DFS-II-7211-169\/18\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFS-II-7211-169\/18\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article focuses on a less-discussed issue of social marginalization of people leaving penitentiaries, which is the prevalence of multifaceted health problems experienced by people in this category. It includes poor health status, resulting from, among others, poor housing conditions, harmful or risky lifestyle, and lack of access to medical services. Data from the District Inspectorate of the Prison Service in Lodz, Poland on the health conditions of inmates was accessed. These data were supplemented by qualitative research conducted in 21 juvenile detention centers and 8 prisons across the country, conducting direct observations and In-Depth Interviews (IDI). A total of 198 IDIs were conducted with incarcerated (72) and released (30) juvenile offenders, and incarcerated (68) and released (28) adult offenders. These were complemented by IDIs with experts (50) and Focus Group Interviews (FGIs; 8) with male and female inmates in 4 Polish prisons. The study revealed that mental and physical health is a serious obstacle to social reintegration of ex-prisoners. It is rarely addressed by state institutions. There are strong associations between neglect of health issues in the prison population and increasing social exclusion after leaving prison. As Poland has a restrictive penal policy, former prisoners remain a group with social stigma and little support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1626643008000},"page":"7642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Mental and Physical Health Problems as Conditions of Ex-Prisoner Re-Entry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"P\u0119kala-Wojciechowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kacprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"P\u0119kala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 90-425 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Chomczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Stanis\u0142aw Staszic State University of Applied Sciences in Pi\u0142a, 64-920 Pi\u0142a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Chomczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology of Art, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Marczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Logistics in Healthcare, Medical University of Lodz, 90-131 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Security Technologies in Logistics, Faculty of Management, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Timler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7727-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lipert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Ogonowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Logistics in Healthcare, Medical University of Lodz, 90-131 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 90-425 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.009","article-title":"Cost of Crime: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Wickramasekera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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