{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:58:03Z","timestamp":1791478683142,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish serves as the principal source of animal protein for the indigenous people of the Amazon, ensuring their food and nutritional security. However, gold mining causes mercury (Hg) contamination in fish, and consequently increases health risks associated with fish consumption. The aim of this study was to assess the health risk attributed to the consumption of mercury-contaminated fish by Munduruku indigenous communities in the Middle-Tapaj\u00f3s Region. Different fish species were collected in the Sawr\u00e9 Muybu Indigenous Land to determine mercury levels. The health risk assessment was carried out according to the World Health Organization (WHO 2008) methodology and different scenarios were built for counterfactual analysis. Eighty-eight fish specimens from 17 species and four trophic levels were analyzed. Estimates of Hg ingestion indicated that the methylmercury daily intake exceeds the U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2000) reference dose from 3 to 25-fold, and up to 11 times the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)\/WHO (2003) dose recommendation. In all situations analyzed, the risk ratio estimates were above 1.0, meaning that the investigated Munduruku communities are at serious risk of harm as a result of ingestion of mercury-contaminated fish. These results indicate that, at present, fish consumption is not safe for this Munduruku population. This hazardous situation threatens the survival of this indigenous population, their food security, and their culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"7940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Health Risk Assessment of Mercury Exposure from Fish Consumption in Munduruku Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ana Claudia Santiago de","family":"Vasconcellos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Professional Education in Health Surveillance, Joaquim Ven\u00e2ncio Polytechnic School of Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Hallwass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Ecology, Fish, Fisheries and Conservation, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of West Para, 68270-000 Oriximin\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3210-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaqueline Gato","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Ecology, Fish, Fisheries and Conservation, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of West Para, 68270-000 Oriximin\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lico Nonato Serr\u00e3o","family":"Aciole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Ecology, Fish, Fisheries and Conservation, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of West Para, 68270-000 Oriximin\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heloisa Nascimento de Moura","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of West Para, 68040-470 Santar\u00e9m, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo de Oliveira","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iracina Maura de","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8222-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra de Souza","family":"Hacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samuel Pessoa Department of Endemics, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-0413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Cesar","family":"Basta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samuel Pessoa Department of Endemics, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2020). 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