{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:45:50Z","timestamp":1790747150571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01GL1714A; 01GL1714B; 01GL1714C; 01GL1714D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1714A; 01GL1714B; 01GL1714C; 01GL1714D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to examine the association of alcohol and tobacco use with severity of depression in older age. Analyses were performed on a pooled data set (n = 3724) from two German old-age cohort studies (LEILA 75+, 6 follow-ups and AgeCoDe\/AgeQualiDe, 9 follow-ups). Depressive symptoms were assessed via two screening scales for depression (CES-D and GDS-15) which were harmonized for pooled analysis. A mixed-effects linear regression model for the total sample and additional stratified models for men and women were used. Smoking at baseline was significantly associated with a higher level of depression severity (\u03b2 = 0.142, 95% CI: 0.051\u20130.233, p = 0.002), whereas drinking was significantly associated with a decreased level of depression (\u03b2 = \u22120.069, 95% CI: \u22120.119\u2013\u22120.021, p = 0.005). Concurrent substance use at baseline increased longitudinal depression severity (\u03b2 = 0.193, 95% CI: 0.011\u20130.375, p = 0.037). Analyses stratified by gender showed a significant inverse association between drinking and depressive symptoms in men (\u03b2 = \u22120.138, 95% CI: \u22120.231\u2013\u22120.045, p = 0.004), but not in women (\u03b2 = \u22120.060, 95% CI: \u22120.120\u20130.001, p = 0.052). Given the burden of major depression, it is important that health care providers, especially primary care physicians, assess and monitor lifestyle factors, even at older ages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1627449828000},"page":"7959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Association of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Depression Severity in the Oldest Old. Results from the Age Different Old Age Cohort Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3242-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Quittschalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0432-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Pabst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5984-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margrit","family":"L\u00f6bner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Luppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Heser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"van den Bussche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6886-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Hajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5711-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Helmut","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitt","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for General Practice, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias C.","family":"Angermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Mental Health, 3482 G\u00f6sing am Wagram, Austria"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, 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