{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:00:58Z","timestamp":1790535658195,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program-China","award":["2018YFC1803100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1803100"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution and Treatment in China","award":["2017ZX07202006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX07202006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) denote the general term for auxiliaries in pesticide preparations except for the active components. Toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene are the three most commonly used PAs as organic solvents. The residues of the three chemicals in the process of production and application of pesticides may endanger the ecosystem. In the present study, the mutagenicity of toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene as well the mixture of the three chemicals was tested by the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test (Ames test) with TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 strains in the system with and without rat liver microsomal preparations (S9). The four tester strains have been used for more than 40 years to detect mutagenic compounds in chemicals, cosmetics, and environmental samples. The mutagenicity was detected on tester strains in the separated experiment from the three chemicals. The addition of S9 decreased the mutation ratios of toluene to four strains, except for the TA100 strain, but increased the mutation ratios of chloroform to four strains except for the TA98 strain. Trichloroethylene caused positive mutagenicity to become negative on the TA102 strain. In the mixed experiment, positive effects were detected only on the TA102 strain in the absence of S9. The addition of S9 increased the mutagenicity except for the TA102 strain. The mixture of toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene showed antagonism in mutagenicity to tester strains, except for the TA102 strain without S9. However, the mixture showed a synergistic effect to tester strains after adding S9 except for the TA98 strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T12:59:24Z","timestamp":1627649964000},"page":"8095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mutagenicity Assessment to Pesticide Adjuvants of Toluene, Chloroform, and Trichloroethylene by Ames Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi 214061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi 214061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhoutao","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi 214061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi 214061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi 214061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi 214061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, Pesticide Emulsifiers-Terms (2021, July 26). 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