{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:55:13Z","timestamp":1782125713080,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have used a multidimensional approach to describe lifestyle changes among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic or have included controls. This study aimed to evaluate lifestyle behaviors and mental health of undergraduate students and compare them with an age and sex-matched control group. A cross-sectional web survey using snowball sampling was conducted several months after the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. A sample of 221 students was recruited. The main outcome was the total SMILE-C score. Students showed a better SMILE-C score than controls (79.8 + 8.1 vs. 77.2 + 8.3; p &lt; 0.001), although these differences disappeared after controlling for covariates. While groups did not differ in the screenings of depression and alcohol abuse, students reported lower rates of anxiety (28.5% vs. 37.1%; p = 0.042). A lower number of cohabitants, poorer self-perceived health and positive screening for depression and anxiety, or for depression only were independently associated (p &lt; 0.05) with unhealthier lifestyles in both groups. History of mental illness and financial difficulties were predictors of unhealthier lifestyles for students, whereas totally\/moderate changes in substance abuse and stress management (p &lt; 0.05) were predictors for the members of the control group. Several months after the pandemic, undergraduate students and other young adults had similar lifestyles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1627854667000},"page":"8133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lifestyle in Undergraduate Students and Demographically Matched Controls during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Giner-Murillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9286-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Atienza-Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Cervera-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital de Denia-Marina Salud, 03700 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Bobes-Bascar\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedicto","family":"Crespo-Facorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, IBIS, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sevilla, 41004 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel B.","family":"De Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, IBIS, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"Garc\u00eda-Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Gomes-da-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Alava, BIOARABA, UPV-EHU, 01005 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ja\u00e9n-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Morfol\u00f3gicas y Sociosanitarias, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Kapczinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ponce-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMT-Motores T\u00e9rmicos, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46002 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Sarramea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Tabar\u00e9s-Seisdedos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Vieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6444-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Zorrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Alava, BIOARABA, UPV-EHU, 01005 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicent","family":"Balanz\u00e1-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13177","article-title":"Lifestyle Behaviours during the COVID-19\u2014Time to Connect","volume":"141","author":"Kapczinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. 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