{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:32:41Z","timestamp":1790638361530,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sports vision is a specialisation of optometry whose objective is to improve and preserve visual function to increase sports performance. The main objective of the present study was to compare the visual expertise of non-athletes to skeet shooting athletes. Methods: Participants underwent an optometric assessment in which all those with severe deviations from normal vision, after compensating for visual abnormalities, were eliminated. After that, the following six visuospatial components were measured: hand\u2013eye coordination, peripheral awareness, fixation disparity, saccadic eye movements, speed of recognition and visual memory. To measure the aforementioned components, the following tests were used: directional arrows, similar and different characters, the dichromatic disparity test, character marking, a tachistoscopic test and tic-tac-toe using COI-vision software. Results: Skeet shooting athletes performed significatively better (p \u2264 0.05) in two out of the six tests: hand\u2013eye coordination and visual memory. Conclusions: Although this study does not support the theory that athletes\u2014in this case, skeet shooting athletes\u2014perform significantly better in most components of the visuospatial tests, visual memory and hand\u2013eye coordination are exceptions. To be more accurate in distinguishing between athletes and non-athletes, specific testing methods that can be used by a wide variety of disciplines should be developed. Training the weakest aspects of athletes can improve their sports performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1627854667000},"page":"8147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Differences in Visuospatial Expertise between Skeet Shooting Athletes and Non-Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC Lisboa\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia de Lisboa, 1750-179 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Alvarez-Peregrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Martinez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC Lisboa\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia de Lisboa, 1750-179 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Tena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC Lisboa\u2014Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia de Lisboa, 1750-179 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, H., Martinez-Perez, C., Alvarez-Peregrina, C., and S\u00e1nchez-Tena, M.\u00c1. 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