{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:57:47Z","timestamp":1777478267037,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(1001\/PAWAM\/8014106)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(1001\/PAWAM\/8014106)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice straw is commonly burned openly after harvesting in Malaysia and many other Asian countries where rice is the main crop. This operation emits a significant amount of air pollution, which can have severe consequences for indoor air quality, public health, and climate change. Therefore, this study focuses on determining the compositions of trace elements and the morphological properties of fine particles. Furthermore, the species of bacteria found in bioaerosol from rice burning activities were discovered in this study. For morphological observation of fine particles, FESEM-EDX was used in this study. Two main categories of particles were found, which were natural particles and anthropogenic particles. The zinc element was found during the morphological observation and was assumed to come from the fertilizer used by the farmers. ICP-OES identifies the concentration of trace elements in the fine particle samples. A cultured method was used in this study by using nutrient agar. From this study, several bacteria were identified: Exiguobavterium indicum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Desulfonema limicola str. Jadabusan, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Lysinibacillus macrolides, and Bacillus proteolyticus. This study is important, especially for human health, and further research on the biological composition of aerosols should be conducted to understand the effect of microorganisms on human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T08:16:39Z","timestamp":1627978599000},"page":"8192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chemical, Biological and Morphological Properties of Fine Particles during Local Rice Straw Burning Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nur Amanina","family":"Ramli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noor Faizah Fitri","family":"Md Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6582-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamarul Zaman","family":"Zarkasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Ecology and Bacteriology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azrin","family":"Suroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nriagu, J. 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