{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1793741784024,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAD1436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAD1436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted environmental surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria in the Msimbazi river basin in Tanzania to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and quinolone resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. A total of 213 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from 219 samples. Out of the recovered isolates, 45.5% (n = 97) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 29.6% (n = 63) were Escherichia coli. K. pneumoniae isolates were more resistant in effluent (27.9%) compared to the E. coli (26.6%). The E. coli had a higher resistance in river water, sediment and crop soil than the K. pneumoniae (35 versus 25%), respectively. Higher resistance in K. pneumoniae was found in nalidixic acid (54.6%) and ciprofloxacin (33.3%) while the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (39.7%) and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (38%). Resistance increased from 28.3% in Kisarawe, where the river originates, to 59.9% in Jangwani (the middle section) and 66.7% in Upanga West, where the river enters the Indian Ocean. Out of 160 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 53.2% (n = 85) were resistant to more than three classes of the antibiotic tested, occurrence being higher among ESBL producers, quinolone resistant and carbapenem resistant strains. There is an urgent need to curb environmental contamination with antimicrobial agents in the Msimbazi Basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T21:44:24Z","timestamp":1628113464000},"page":"8264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Occurrence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producers, Quinolone and Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Environmental Samples along Msimbazi River Basin Ecosystem in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zuhura I.","family":"Kimera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mtumba Area, P.O. Box 2182, Dodoma 40487, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauster X.","family":"Mgaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania"},{"name":"SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esron D.","family":"Karimuribo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecky I. N.","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"},{"name":"SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. (2016). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations, AMR Review. Available online: https:\/\/amr-review.org."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, May 12). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/drugresistance\/global_action_plan\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, April 03). Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption. 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