{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:20:43Z","timestamp":1790709643333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba has increased worldwide. However, G. biloba is capable of assimilating both essential and toxic metals, and the ingestion of contaminated products can cause damage to health. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 26 items containing Ginkgo biloba (pharmaceutical herbal products, dietary supplements, and traditional herbal remedies) purchased in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Metal analysis was performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All of the products were contaminated with Pb, 54% of them with As, and 81% with Cd. The lowest values of Pb, As, and Cd were detected in pharmaceutical herbal products &gt; dietary supplements &gt; traditional herbal remedies. The daily intake dose (DID) of pharmaceutical herbal products was within the established limits for the five metals. Dietary supplements and traditional herbal remedies exceeded the DID limits for Pb. The hazard quotients estimation and non-carcinogenic cumulative hazard estimation index for Mn, As, and Cd indicated no human health risk. Our results suggest that products containing G. biloba for sale in Mexico are not a health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1628156132000},"page":"8285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Ruiz-Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, SS, Av. Insurgentes sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo A.","family":"Res\u00e9ndiz-Albor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Research and Graduate Section, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Superior School of Medicine, Plan de San Luis Esq. Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, C.P., Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"R14","article-title":"Multifaceted therapeutic benefits of Ginkgo biloba L.: Chemistry, efficacy, safety, and uses","volume":"73","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Alzahrani, T. (2020). Ginkgo\u00a0biloba. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing LLC. 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