{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:29Z","timestamp":1787028329994,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation, South Africa;","award":["114962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114962"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program and Norwegians Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs","award":["REF-09\/126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REF-09\/126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and its deficiency in utero may affect fetus development and birth outcomes. The current study aimed to assess serum Se status at delivery and examine the possible association between Se levels and birth outcomes. The interaction of Se with selected essential and toxic elements as well as possible sex-dependent responses in utero were also evaluated. The negative association between Se levels and head circumference of neonates was evident in the total cohort (\u03b2 = \u22120.164; p &lt; 0.001) as well as in the pre-term and full-term cohorts. Significant positive correlations were found between maternal serum Se concentrations and zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the total and regional cohorts. In the total cohort, the toxic elements lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) showed a negative correlation with Se levels, while mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) showed a positive correlation. The study found a sex-dependent response in utero for Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Al. The findings of the current study may inform reproductive health policy on Se status in South Africa and highlight the need for sensitive methods to measure Se intake during pregnancy and its complex interactions with other micronutrients and environmental pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T08:01:42Z","timestamp":1628236902000},"page":"8344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Selenium Status, Its Interaction with Selected Essential and Toxic Elements, and a Possible Sex-Dependent Response In Utero, in a South African Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5247-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina B.","family":"R\u00f6llin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"},{"name":"Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalavati","family":"Channa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg 2090, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bukola","family":"Olutola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Engineering, IT, Science and Health, Independent Institute of Education-Monash, Roodepoort 1724, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2756-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon \u00d8yvind","family":"Odland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Selenium in Drinking Water, Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Geochemistry of selenium","volume":"17","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01425","article-title":"Soil-type influences human selenium status and underlies widespread selenium deficiency risks in Malawi","volume":"3","author":"Hurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IOM, Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (2000). 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