{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:17:43Z","timestamp":1770326263168,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our aim was to compere diabetes-related distress (DD) in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in their parents before and during the national COVID-19-related lockdown when schools operated on-line. Problems Areas in Diabetes-Child (PAID-Ch), Teen (PAID-T) and Parent (P-PAID-Ch, P-PAID-T) questionnaires in paper version were used to evaluate DD before COVID-19 pandemic (November 2019\u2013February 2020) and during the lockdown (April 2020) the same surveys were performed by phone. We enrolled 76 patients (median age (Q1\u2013Q3): 13.6 (11.8\u201315.2) years; 21 children, 55 adolescents; T1DM duration 3.7 (1.7\u20136.8) years). Initial PAID score was lower in teenage boys than in girls (34.0 (24.0\u201342.0) vs. 44.5 (40.0\u201350.5), p = 0.003). In teens PAID score decreased significantly during the lockdown (\u22123.0 (\u221211.0\u20133.0), p = 0.018), more in girls than boys (p = 0.028). In children (\u22123.0 (\u221214.0\u20137.0), p = 0.131) and parents PAID did not change (teens\u2019 parents: 3.0 (\u22129.0\u201310.0), p = 0.376; children\u2019s parents: \u22125.0 [\u22129.0\u20131.0], p = 0.227). In the studied group COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown was associated with decrease in DD in teens with T1DM, particularly in girls, while no significant change in DD was observed in children or parents. DD decrease in teens during the pandemic should attract attention to the potential \u201crebound\u201d of DD related to return to regular on-site school routine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T10:54:41Z","timestamp":1628765681000},"page":"8527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diabetes Related Distress in Children with Type 1 Diabetes before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spring 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Mianowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3605-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Fedorczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital and Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Pokora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Bara\u0144ska-Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Wilczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szadkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13144","article-title":"Psychological distress of children with early-onset type 1 diabetes and their mothers\u2019 well-being","volume":"104","author":"Hannonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2015.11.001","article-title":"Psychiatric Disorders and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Butwicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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