{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T08:37:54Z","timestamp":1783154274632,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preceding coronavirus outbreaks resulted in social isolation, which in turn is associated with cardiovascular consequences. Whether the current COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacts cardiovascular health is unclear. The aim of the rapid review was to investigate, whether COVID-19 lockdown influences modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, smoking, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, obesity, bad blood lipids, and hypertension) in the general population. Medline and EMBASE were searched until March 2021. Title, abstracts, and full texts were screened by one reviewer and 20% by a second reviewer. Only studies using probability sampling were included in order to ensure the representativeness of the target population. Data extraction and critical appraisal were done by one reviewer and double-checked by another reviewer. We identified 32 studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Findings show that physical activity decreased, and sedentary behaviour increased among all age groups during the COVID-19 lockdown. Among adults, alcohol consumption increased, dietary quality worsened, and the amount of food intake increased. Some adults reported weight gain. Studies on children and adolescents were sparse. This rapid review found a high number of epidemiological studies on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, but only a few used probability sampling methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1628846558000},"page":"8567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["A Rapid Review on the Influence of COVID-19 Lockdown and Quarantine Measures on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the General Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Freiberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Romero Starke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice","family":"Hegewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Seidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-020-0792-4","article-title":"Perspective: Cardiovascular disease and the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"115","author":"Gori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2020-0041","article-title":"Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"7","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22813","article-title":"COVID-19 Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain among Children","volume":"28","author":"Rundle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0635-2","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine","volume":"74","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"85","article-title":"Will changes in alcohol and tobacco use be seen during the COVID-19 lockdown?","volume":"32","author":"Bobes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827620918808","article-title":"Lifestyle at Time of COVID-19: How Could Quarantine Affect Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"14","author":"Mattioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gierveld, J., van Tilburg, T., and Dykstra, P. (2006). Loneliness and Social Isolation. The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606632.027"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1159-5562","article-title":"Psychosoziale Folgen von Quarant\u00e4nema\u00dfnahmen bei schwerwiegenden Coronavirus-Ausbr\u00fcchen: Ein Rapid Review","volume":"47","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Prax."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12311","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Courtin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care. Community"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140114","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0114","article-title":"Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: A lifespan approach","volume":"370","author":"Hawkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0509-8","article-title":"The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Banting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-142","article-title":"Determinants of physical activity and exercise in healthy older adults: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Koeneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12432","article-title":"Why are adult women physically active? A systematic review of prospective cohort studies to identify intrapersonal, social environmental and physical environmental determinants","volume":"17","author":"Prince","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2007.00370.x","article-title":"Potential environmental determinants of physical activity in adults: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Droomers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.06.003","article-title":"Social networks and patterns of health risk behaviours over two decades: A multi-cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Kauppi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kax033","article-title":"Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Behaviors at Older Ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study","volume":"52","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.08.016","article-title":"The influence of social networks and the built environment on physical inactivity: A longitudinal study of urban-dwelling adults","volume":"54","author":"Josey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1027933","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Loneliness and Smoking: Small Effects, Big Implications","volume":"50","author":"Dyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyewole, B.K., Animasahun, V.J., and Chapman, H.J. (2018). Tobacco use in Nigerian youth: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196362"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102012000500018","article-title":"Prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilian adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Campos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.800111","article-title":"Members, isolates, and liaisons: Meta-analysis of adolescents\u2019 network positions and their smoking behavior","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105900","article-title":"Peer social network processes and adolescent health behaviors: A systematic review","volume":"130","author":"Montgomery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00663.x","article-title":"Systematic review of social network analysis in adolescent cigarette smoking behavior","volume":"82","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302239","article-title":"Effect of network social capital on the chances of smoking relapse: A two-year follow-up study of urban-dwelling adults","volume":"104","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, S., Olanrewaju, O., Cowan, A., Brayne, C., and Lafortune, L. (2018). Alcohol and older people: A systematic review of barriers, facilitators and context of drinking in older people and implications for intervention design. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191189"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanesby, O., Labhart, F., Dietze, P., Wright, C.J.C., and Kuntsche, E. (2019). The contexts of heavy drinking: A systematic review of the combinations of context-related factors associated with heavy drinking occasions. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218465"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-014-0483-3","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors for hypertension: An update of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Cuffee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1874350101508010113","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Loneliness and Common Chronic Physical Conditions in Adults","volume":"8","author":"Petitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Psychol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies","volume":"102","author":"Valtorta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181f6934f","article-title":"Psychosocial factors in the development of heart disease in women: Current research and future directions","volume":"72","author":"Low","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000015","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: A review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments","volume":"51","author":"Prati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-215060","article-title":"Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown: Longitudinal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study","volume":"75","author":"Niedzwiedz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okely, J.A., Corley, J., Welstead, M., Taylor, A.M., Page, D., Skarabela, B., Redmond, P., Cox, S.R., and Russ, T.C. (2020). Change in Physical Activity, Sleep Quality, and Psychosocial Variables during COVID-19 Lockdown: Evidence from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010210"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856220943024","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Ramalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zupo, R., Castellana, F., Sardone, R., Sila, A., Giagulli, V.A., Triggiani, V., Cincione, R.I., Giannelli, G., and De Pergola, G. (2020). Preliminary Trajectories in Dietary Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Public Health Call to Action to Face Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197073"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.s2.34","article-title":"The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on levels of physical fitness","volume":"66","author":"Pinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569348","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.569348","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Literature About the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lives of School Children","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavridou, A., Kapsali, E., Panagouli, E., Thirios, A., Polychronis, K., Bacopoulou, F., Psaltopoulou, T., Tsolia, M., Sergentanis, T.N., and Tsitsika, A. (2021). Obesity in Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8020135"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106349","article-title":"Potential health-related behaviors for pre-school and school-aged children during COVID-19 lockdown: A narrative review","volume":"143","author":"Calatayud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"624567","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students\u2019 Physical Activity Levels: An Early Systematic Review","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0036933020946336","article-title":"Sedentarism and chronic disease risk in COVID 19 lockdown\u2014A scoping review","volume":"66","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scott. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Whitehead, R., Martin, L., Shearer, E., and Greci, S. (2021, June 04). Rapid International Evidence Review: Impact of the COVID-19 Disease Control Measures on Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviours and Weight. Public Health Scotland. Available online: https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/media\/2844\/impact-of-the-covid-19-disease-control-measures-on-physical-activity-and-dietary-behaviours-and-weight-oct2020-english.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000960","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Stockwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01708","article-title":"Staying Physically Active During the Quarantine and Self-Isolation Period for Controlling and Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Overview of the Literature","volume":"11","author":"Chtourou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Violant-Holz, V., Gallego-Jim\u00e9nez, M.G., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, C.S., Mu\u00f1oz-Violant, S., Rodr\u00edguez, M.J., Sansano-Nadal, O., and Guerra-Balic, M. (2020). Psychological Health and Physical Activity Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249419"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S337","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1049_20","article-title":"Domestic violence and substance abuse during COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Abdo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S343","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1002_20","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial health and well-being in South-Asian (World Psychiatric Association zone 16) countries: A systematic and advocacy review from the Indian Psychiatric Society","volume":"62","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.5.3088","article-title":"Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions","volume":"36","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1500-7","article-title":"Impact of Social Isolation Due to COVID-19 on Health in Older People: Mental and Physical Effects and Recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Ganz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626432","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.626432","article-title":"The Impact of Lockdown during the COVID-19 Outbreak on Dietary Habits in Various Population Groups: A Scoping Review","volume":"8","author":"Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"57","article-title":"Sampling in epidemiological research: Issues, hazards and pitfalls","volume":"40","author":"Tyrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJ Psych. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kunz, R., Khan, K., Kleijnen, J., and Antes, G. (2009). Systematische \u00dcbersichtsarbeiten und Meta-Analysen. Einf\u00fchrung in Instrumente der Evidenzbasierten Medizin f\u00fcr \u00c4rzte, Klinische Forscher und Experten im Gesundheitswesen, Huber."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"WHO (2021, June 04). Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"WHF (2021, June 04). Cardiovascular Risk Factors. World Heart Federation. Available online: https:\/\/www.world-heart-federation.org\/resources\/risk-factors\/."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"173","article-title":"Rapid Reviews in the Time of COVID-19\u2014Experiences of the Competence Network Public Health COVID-19 and Proposal for a Standardized Procedure","volume":"83","author":"Seidler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freiberg, A., Schubert, M., Romero Starke, K., Hegewald, J., and Seidler, A. (2021, June 04). Influence of COVID-19 Lockdown and Quarantine Measures on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Rapid Review. PROSPERO. Available online: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020222405.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168567"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","article-title":"Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)\u2014Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome","volume":"14","author":"Tremblay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007274","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007274","article-title":"Incidence of New-Onset and Worsening Heart Failure Before and After the COVID-19 Epidemic Lockdown in Denmark: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Andersson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1925","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on heart failure hospitalization and management: Report from a Heart Failure Unit in London during the peak of the pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Bromage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart. Fail."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13307","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on stroke admission rates in a Norwegian population","volume":"142","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta. Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02201-9","article-title":"Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak on acute coronary syndrome admissions: Four weeks to reverse the trend","volume":"51","author":"Prati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030395","article-title":"Acute Stroke in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Study","volume":"51","author":"Hoyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030329","article-title":"Acute Stroke Care Is at Risk in the Era of COVID-19: Experience at a Comprehensive Stroke Center in Barcelona","volume":"51","author":"Rudilosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3371","article-title":"Night-shift work and breast cancer--a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ijaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000544322.26939.09","article-title":"Work-relatedness of lumbosacral radiculopathy syndrome: Review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Kuijer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpers, S.E., Skogen, J.C., M\u00e6land, S., Pallesen, S., Rabben, \u00c5.K., Lunde, L.H., and Fadnes, L.T. (2021). Alcohol Consumption during a Pandemic Lockdown Period and Change in Alcohol Consumption Related to Worries and Pandemic Measures. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031220"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598481","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.598481","article-title":"Change in Physical Activity during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown in Norway: The Buffering Effect of Resilience on Mental Health","volume":"11","author":"Anyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.08.030","article-title":"Mental health and sleep disturbances in physically active adults during the COVID-19 lockdown in Norway: Does change in physical activity level matter?","volume":"77","author":"Ernstsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571084","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.571084","article-title":"Stress, Anxiety, and Change in Alcohol Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings among Adult Twin Pairs","volume":"11","author":"Avery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan, G.E., Avery, A.R., Seto, E., and Tsang, S. (2020). Perceived change in physical activity levels and mental health during COVID-19: Findings among adult twin pairs. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237695"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1326","article-title":"The Acute Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in University Students and Employees","volume":"13","author":"Barkley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101300","article-title":"Lockdown-related factors associated with the worsening of cardiovascular risk and anxiety or depression during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Coley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113559","article-title":"Psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on students in a French region severely affected by the disease: Results of the PIMS-CoV 19 study","volume":"295","author":"Tarquinio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicero, A.F.G., Fogacci, F., Giovannini, M., Mezzadri, M., Grandi, E., Borghi, C., and The Brisighella Heart Study Group (2021). COVID-19-Related Quarantine Effect on Dietary Habits in a Northern Italian Rural Population: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020309"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"3","article-title":"Exercise and screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"31","author":"Colley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"4249","article-title":"Physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based cross-sectional study in a city of South Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Knuth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cien. Saude. Colet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.09.004","article-title":"High-Risk Drinking in Midlife Before Versus During the COVID-19 Crisis: Longitudinal Evidence From the United Kingdom","volume":"60","author":"Daly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01895","article-title":"Don\u2019t Walk So Close to Me: Physical Distancing and Adult Physical Activity in Canada","volume":"11","author":"Vanderloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152214","article-title":"Changes in lifestyle resulting from confinement due to COVID-19 and depressive symptomatology: A cross-sectional a population-based study","volume":"104","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karuc, J., Sori\u0107, M., Radman, I., and Mi\u0161igoj-Durakovi\u0107, M. (2020). Moderators of Change in Physical Activity Levels during Restrictions Due to COVID-19 Pandemic in Young Urban Adults. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166392"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106527","article-title":"Changes in alcohol use as a function of psychological distress and social support following COVID-19 related University closings","volume":"110","author":"Lechner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.11.011","article-title":"Eating to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic and Body Weight Change in Young Adults","volume":"68","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101275","article-title":"Parent anxiety and perceptions of their child\u2019s physical activity and sedentary behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada","volume":"20","author":"McCormack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12731","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12731","article-title":"Changes in lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 confinement in Spanish children: A longitudinal analysis from the MUGI project","volume":"16","author":"Medrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zden, G., and Parlar Kili\u00e7, S. (2021). The Effect of Social Isolation during COVID-19 Pandemic on Nutrition and Exercise Behaviors of Nursing Students. Ecol. Food. Nutr., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2021.1875456"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.10.002","article-title":"Relationship between Parenting Practices and Children\u2019s Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey","volume":"56","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radwan, H., Al Kitbi, M., Hasan, H., Al Hilali, M., Abbas, N., Hamadeh, R., Saif, E.R., and Naja, F. (2021). Indirect Health Effects of COVID-19: Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors during the Lockdown in the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041964"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, S., Sato, A., Tanabe, Y., Matsuoka, S., Adachi, A., Kayano, T., Yamazaki, H., Matsuno, Y., Miyake, A., and Watanabe, T. (2021). Associations between Socioeconomic Status, Social Participation, and Physical Activity in Older People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Northern Japanese City. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041477"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savage, M.J., Hennis, P.J., Magistro, D., Donaldson, J., Healy, L.C., and James, R.M. (2021). Nine Months into the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study Showing Mental Health and Movement Behaviours Are Impaired in UK Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062930"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78438-4","article-title":"Physical activity and screen time of children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: A natural experiment","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23946","DOI":"10.2196\/23946","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Among 10,000 Steps Members and Engagement with the Program in Australia: Prospective Study","volume":"23","author":"To","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornaghi, M., Lovecchio, N., Vandoni, M., Chirico, A., and Codella, R. (2020). Physical activity levels across COVID-19 outbreak in youngsters of Northwestern Lombardy. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness.","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.11600-1"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21632","DOI":"10.2196\/21632","article-title":"Physical Distancing Measures and Walking Activity in Middle-aged and Older Residents in Changsha, China, During the COVID-19 Epidemic Period: Longitudinal Observational Study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.725","article-title":"Changes in Alcohol Consumption among College Students Due to COVID-19: Effects of Campus Closure and Residential Change","volume":"81","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickersham, A., Carr, E., Hunt, R., Davis, J.P., Hotopf, M., Fear, N.T., Downs, J., and Leightley, D. (2021). Changes in Physical Activity among United Kingdom University Students Following the Implementation of Coronavirus Lockdown Measures. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062792"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.07.039","article-title":"Changes in Older People\u2019s Activities during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Japan","volume":"21","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000160","article-title":"Mental health problems in the general population during and after the first lockdown phase due to the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic: Rapid review of multi-wave studies","volume":"30","author":"Richter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2021.01.187","article-title":"Promoting healthy lifestyles using information technology during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Dixit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, S.A., and Shareck, M. (2021). Widening the gap? Unintended consequences of health promotion measures for young people during COVID-19 lockdown. Health. Promot. Int.","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daab015"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"1000051","article-title":"Mobile-Based Health Apps to Promote Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdowns","volume":"4","author":"Srivastav","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med. Clin. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallon, K. (2020). Exercise in the time of COVID-19. Aust. J. Gen. Pract., 49.","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-COVID-13"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.009","article-title":"Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people","volume":"63","author":"Lavie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polero, P., Rebollo-Seco, C., Adsuar, J.C., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, J., Rojo-Ramos, J., Manzano-Redondo, F., Garcia-Gordillo, M.\u00c1., and Carlos-Vivas, J. (2020). Physical Activity Recommendations during COVID-19: Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010065"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2020.1860394","article-title":"Home-based exercise can be beneficial for counteracting sedentary behavior and physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults","volume":"133","author":"Ghram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-020-00278-9","article-title":"Physical activity during COVID-19 induced lockdown: Recommendations","volume":"15","author":"Groneberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010","article-title":"Living systematic review: 1. Introduction-the why, what, when, and how","volume":"91","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, J.H., Turner, T., Clavisi, O., Thomas, J., Higgins, J.P.T., Mavergames, C., and Gruen, R.L. (2014). Living systematic reviews: An emerging opportunity to narrow the evidence-practice gap. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001603"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03989-w","article-title":"Research on COVID-19: A disruptive phenomenon for bibliometrics","volume":"126","author":"Fassin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8567\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:36Z","timestamp":1760165136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18168567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168567","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]}}}