{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:17:49Z","timestamp":1768277869450,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analysing the emotional behaviour of adolescents is fundamental because of its relationship with maladaptive behaviour and even possible psychological maladjustments. For this reason, this study had two objectives: to analyse the existence of significant differences in socio-emotional behaviour in English, Spanish, and Chilean adolescents, taking gender into account, and to analyse the relationship between emotional behaviour and the effective personality model in the Spanish and Chilean samples. A total of 2534 adolescents participated (609 English, 1677 Spanish, and 248 Chilean). The Abbreviated Scale of Emotional Behaviour (ECEA_R: aggressive tendency, social reactivity, and social support) and the Effective Personality Questionnaire\u2014Adolescents (CPE-A: academic self-realisation, socio-affective self-realisation, and resolute efficacy) were applied. A MANOVA was carried out to study the differences in adolescents\u2019 socio-emotional behaviour, taking gender and nationality into account, and a correlational analysis was undertaken to explore the relationship between the variables of emotional behaviour (aggressive tendency, social reactivity, and social support) and effective personality (academic self-realisation, socio-affective self-realisation, and resolute efficacy). Regarding the first objective, for aggressive tendency, English male adolescents stood out, followed by Spanish and Chilean male adolescents and females of all nationalities. In terms of social reactivity, female adolescents stood out over male adolescents and, with regard to social support, Spanish adolescents (male and female) stood out over other nationalities, followed by Chilean and English adolescents (males and females). The results of the second objective indicated a negative relationship between aggressive tendency and academic self-realisation, but a positive relationship for social reactivity and social support (only in the Spanish sample) with most of the effective personality factors. The results are relevant for the application of prevention and intervention programs that improve or implement social and affective competencies in adolescents who develop the effective personality construct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1629063835000},"page":"8611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of Emotional Behaviour of Spanish, Chilean and England Adolescents, and Their Relationship with Effective Personality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0310-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Martin-Palacio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Research in Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Fernando","family":"Avil\u00e9s-D\u00e1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Research in Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0440-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Di-Giusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Antonio","family":"Bueno-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Research in Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta Soledad","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Oviedo, 33005 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus Manuel","family":"Cedeira-Costales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Emotional competencies and self-esteem in adolescence: Impact on psychological adjustment","volume":"1","author":"Schoeps","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Child. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Aggressive behaviour and emotional in adolescence","volume":"7","author":"Torregrosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"549","article-title":"Peer violence in adolescence and its prevention from the school","volume":"17","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.30552\/ejep.v3i2.55","article-title":"Emotional intelligence victims of school bullying and in aggressors","volume":"3","author":"Garaigordobil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021725400321","article-title":"Emotional competence and aggressive behaviour in school-age children","volume":"31","author":"Bohnert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2006.00355.x","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence and children\u2019s peer relations at school","volume":"15","author":"Petrides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1348\/026151006X118577","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and peer-rated social competence in adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Mavroveli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.004","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence and its relationships with problem behaviour in Hong Kong adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Siu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/1130906","article-title":"Young Children\u2019s Coping with Interpersonal Anger","volume":"63","author":"Fabes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01980","article-title":"Emotion regulation ability and resilience in a sample of adolescents from a suburban area","volume":"8","author":"Mestre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00594","article-title":"Mindfulness, Life Skills, Resilience, and Emotional and Behavioural Problems for Gifted Low-Income Adolescents in China","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00946","article-title":"Effects of Age and Gender in Emotion Regulation of Children and Adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Grau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02870","article-title":"Assessing Emotion Regulation Strategies in Chile: A Spanish Language Adaptation of the German SSKJ 3-8 Scales","volume":"10","author":"Weis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"395","article-title":"Expressions of school violence in adolescence","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01370","article-title":"Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) in Spanish adolescents: Factor structure and rasch analysis","volume":"9","author":"Pichardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"70","article-title":"Antisocial Behaviour and Executive Functions in Young Offenders","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodidact."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"195","article-title":"Problematic internet use, maladaptive future time perspective and school context","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2009). Emotional Adolescent Behavioural Styles in the Framework of Effective Personality: Differences and Similarities between British and Spaniards. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oviedo]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, M.I. (2013). Emotional Adolescent Behaviour Styles in the Framework of Effective Personality in Chilean Educational Contexts. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oviedo]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn del Buey, F., Mart\u00edn Palacio, M.E., and Di Giusto Valle, C. (2019). The Efficient and Effective Personality Entrepreneur. Resistant. Mature, Editorial Acad\u00e9mica Espa\u00f1ola."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"231","article-title":"Gender differences in a sample of teenagers through the composition of real and ideal self-concept","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Galego-Port. Psicolox\u00eda E Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"89","article-title":"Gender and quality of life in adolescence","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Heal. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effective personality construct: Latest advances","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Orientac. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"130","article-title":"Chilean adaptation of the questionnaire on effective personality for adolescents","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"263","article-title":"Maladaptative personality traits in adolescence: Behavioural, emotional and motivational correlates of the PID-5-BF scales","volume":"31","author":"Romero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01629","article-title":"Emotional Intelligence, Empathy, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Adolescents: Regression vs. QCA Models","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00240.x","article-title":"The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring emotional response style in adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Clarbour","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"79","article-title":"Evaluation of Effective Personality in Educational Contexts: First Results","volume":"33\u201334","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Orientaci\u00f3n Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"63","article-title":"Guidelines for translation and adaptation of tests","volume":"66","author":"Hambleton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Pap."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"151","article-title":"International Test Commission Guidelines for test translation and adaptation: Second edition","volume":"25","author":"Elosua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Barrientos, M., and Soria, C. (2021, April 07). IndexMundi. Available online: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3gRUZIJ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, C. (2004). Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques Applications with SPSS, Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A., and Vining, G.G. (2001). Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, Wiley. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G.C., and Guarino, A.J. (2013). Performing Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","article-title":"Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research","volume":"6","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.8.4.291","article-title":"Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review","volume":"8","author":"Archer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.07.010","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of physical and indirect aggression from late childhood to adolescence: Sex differences and outcomes in emerging adulthood","volume":"51","author":"Cleverley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"198","article-title":"Parents\u2019 educational practices that predict aggressiveness evaluated by different informants","volume":"46","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20136","article-title":"A developmental perspective on bullying","volume":"32","author":"Pepler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"431","article-title":"Aggression and coping in adolescence. An intercultural perspective","volume":"8","author":"Samper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Psychol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"5","article-title":"Differences in aggressive behaviour among Colombian adolescents","volume":"44","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Virtual Univ. Cat\u00f3lica Del Norte"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5093\/in2011v20n2a8","article-title":"Aggressive behaviour as a predictor of self-concept: A study with a sample of Spanish compulsory secondary education students","volume":"20","author":"Torregrosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431620977673","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Attribution and Outcome Expectancies Regarding Relational Aggression: A Cross-Cultural Comparison and Cultural Value Associations","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0601_1","article-title":"Sex Differences in Coping Behaviour: A Meta-Analytic Review and an Examination of Relative Coping","volume":"6","author":"Tamres","year":"2002","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030737","article-title":"Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review","volume":"139","author":"Chaplin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018856601513","article-title":"Why are girls less physically aggressive than boys? Personality and parenting mediators of physical aggression","volume":"40","author":"Carlo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"93","article-title":"Culture and gender issues in adolescence: Evidence from studies on emotion","volume":"12","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9113-y","article-title":"Associations among empathy, social competence, & Reactive\/Proactive aggression subtypes","volume":"36","author":"Mayberry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"639","article-title":"The Difference in Emotional Sensitivity Between British and Venezuelans","volume":"17","author":"Guarino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"468","article-title":"Adolescence in Spain, Palestine and Portugal: Comparative Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Serrano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.30552\/ejep.v3i2.41","article-title":"Differences in aggressive behaviour among Spanish, Chinese and Mexican adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Torregrosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1174\/021093903321329102","article-title":"A correlational and predictive analysis of self-concept with other behavioural, cognitive and emotional factors of personality during adolescence","volume":"24","author":"Garaigordobil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Estud. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.1.27","article-title":"A multidimensional perspective of relations between self-concept (Self Description Questionnaire II) and adolescent mental health (Youth Self-Report)","volume":"16","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"223","article-title":"Self-esteem in aggressive and victimized adolescents at school: The multidimensional perspective","volume":"15","year":"2006","journal-title":"Interv. Psicosoc."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"357","article-title":"Self-concept and aggressive responses in an intercultural education context","volume":"332","author":"Esteve","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-S\u00e1nchez, M., Zurita-Ortega, F., Ruiz-Rico, G., and Chac\u00f3n-Cuberos, R. (2019). Explanatory model of violent behaviours, selfconcept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217899"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"95","article-title":"School Motivation, Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance in Students of Secondary Education","volume":"32","author":"Salavera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Actual. En. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"345","article-title":"From emotional competence to self-esteem and life- satisfaction in adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicol. Conduct."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"87","article-title":"School engagement in students of compulsory Secondary Education: The influence of resilience, self-concept and perceived social support","volume":"21","author":"Ros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. XX1"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2016.01.003","article-title":"Contextual and psychological variables in a descriptive model of subjective well-being and school engagement","volume":"16","author":"Esnaola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5944\/reop.vol.30.num.2.2019.25337","article-title":"The connections between family support, school and student engagement in a compensatory education centre","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"REOP."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000139","article-title":"School Success and School Engagement of Immigrant Children and Adolescents. A Risk and Resilience Developmental Perspective","volume":"18","author":"Masten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.14848","article-title":"Perceived social support, self-concept and school engagement of adolescent students","volume":"21","author":"Revuelta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodidact."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:26Z","timestamp":1760165186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18168611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]}}}