{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T09:37:54Z","timestamp":1768124274664,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to countries enforcing the use of facial masks to prevent contagion. However, acquisition, reuse, and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) has generated problems, in regard to the safety of individuals and environmental sustainability. Effective strategies to reprocess and disinfect PPE are needed to improve the efficacy and durability of this equipment and to reduce waste load. Thus, the addition of photocatalytic materials to these materials, combined with light exposure at specific wavelengths, may represent promising solutions. To this aim, we prepared a series of masks by depositing micrometer-sized TiO2 on the external surfaces; the masks were then contaminated with droplets of bacteria suspensions and the coatings were activated by light radiation at different wavelengths. A significant reduction in the microbial load (over 90%, p &lt; 0.01) was observed using both Gram negative (E. coli) and Gram positive (S. aureus) bacteria within 15 min of irradiation, with UV or visible light, including sunlight or artificial sources. Our results support the need for further investigations on self-disinfecting masks and other disposable PPE, which could positively impact (i) the safety of operators\/workers, and (ii) environmental sustainability in different occupational or recreational settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1629149265000},"page":"8662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Photocatalytic Treatments for Personal Protective Equipment: Experimental Microbiological Investigations and Perspectives for the Enhancement of Antimicrobial Activity by Micrometric TiO2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lory Marika","family":"Margarucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Gianfranceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Romano Spica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"D\u2019Ermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery \u201cP. Valdoni\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Refi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeneS, Research Start Up, 00187 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Podico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1001-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, December 02). Obesity and Overweight Fact Sheets. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30134-X","article-title":"Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, March 08). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/view.main.BMIPLUS2REGv."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2021, June 01). Face Masks, Including Surgical Masks, and Respirators for COVID, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices\/face-masks-including-surgical-masks-and-respirators-covid-19#using."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2021, June 01). Use of Respirators and Surgical Masks for Protection against Healthcare Hazards 2020 (updated 19 November 201823 April 2020), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/healthcarehsps\/respiratory.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2021, June 01). Safe Use of Personal Protective Equipment in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases of High Consequence 2014 (cited 23 April 2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/safe-use-of-ppe.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, June 01). Rational Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Considerations during Severe Shortages: Interim Guidance, 6 April 2020. (14 April 2020). Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/331215\/WHO-2019-nCov-IPCPPE_use-2020.1-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mahdavi, A. (2013). Efficiency Measurement of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators against Ultrafine Particles under Cyclic and Constant Flows. [Doctoral Dissertation, Concordia University]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Richardson, A.W., Eshbaugh, J.P., Hofacre, K.C., and Gardner, P.D. (2006). Respirator Filter Efficiency Testing against Particulate and Biological Aerosols under Moderate to High Flow Rates, Battelle Memorial Inst."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"789","article-title":"Simple respiratory protection\u2014Evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20\u20131000 nm size particles","volume":"54","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119891010389","article-title":"Performance of N95 respirators: Filtration efficiency for air-borne microbial and inert particles","volume":"59","author":"Qian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03252","article-title":"Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks","volume":"14","author":"Konda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2016.1237029","article-title":"Quantification of leakage of sub-micron aerosols through surgical masks and facemasks for pediatric use","volume":"14","author":"Guha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradmand, P.A., and Khaloozadeh, H. (2017, January 21\u201323). An experimental study of modeling and self-tuning regulator design for an electro-hydro servo-system. Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, and Automation (ICCIA), Shiraz, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIAutom.2017.8258665"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620802558196","article-title":"N95 and P100 respirator filter efficiency under high constant and cyclic flow","volume":"6","author":"Eshbaugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(91)90091-U","article-title":"Filtration efficiency of nanometer-size aerosol particles","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-005-9017-x","article-title":"Filtration efficiency of a fibrous filter for nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8153","DOI":"10.1021\/la000770o","article-title":"Investigation of humidity-dependent capillary force","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2015.02.001","article-title":"The effect of capillary force on airborne nanoparticle filtration","volume":"83","author":"Givehchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab008","article-title":"Standards for surgical respirators and masks: Relevance for Protecting healthcare workers and the public during pandemics","volume":"65","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Work. Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bailar, J.C., Burke, D.S., Brosseau, L.M., Cohen, H.J., Gallagher, E.J., and Gensheimber, K.F. (2006). Reusability of Facemasks during an Influenza Pandemic, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.02.062","article-title":"Microfibers generated from the laundering of cotton, rayon and polyester based fabrics and their aquatic biodegradation","volume":"142","author":"Zambrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110417","article-title":"Gender, face mask perceptions, and face mask wearing: Are men being dangerous during the COVID-19 pan-demic?","volume":"170","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144167","article-title":"Plastic residues produced with confirm-atory testing for COVID-19: Classification, quantification, fate, and impacts on human health","volume":"760","author":"Celis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"48","article-title":"Impact of three cycles of decontamination treatments on filtering facepiece respirator fit","volume":"28","author":"Bergman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"92","article-title":"Effectiveness of three decontamination treatments against influenza virus applied to filtering facepiece respirators","volume":"56","author":"Lore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"33","article-title":"Evaluation of multiple (3-cycle) de-contamination processing for filtering facepiece respirators","volume":"5","author":"Bergman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, E.M., Williams, J.L., and Shaffer, R.E. (2011). Evaluation of microwave steam bags for the decontamination of filtering facepiece respirators. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018585"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03597","article-title":"Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? How many times?","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenney, P.A., Chan, B.K., Kortright, K.E., Cintron, M., Russi, M., Epright, J., Lee, L., Balcezak, T.J., Havill, N.L., and Martinello, R.A. (2021). Hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination of N95 respirators for reuse. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20041087"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.201524","article-title":"Effectiveness of N95 respirator decontamina-tion and reuse against SARS-CoV-2 virus","volume":"26","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0937","article-title":"Gamma irradiation as an effective method for inac-tivation of emerging viral pathogens","volume":"100","author":"Feldmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04881.x","article-title":"A method to determine the available UV-C dose for the decontamination of filtering facepiece res-pirators","volume":"110","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.02.018","article-title":"Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation of influen-za-contaminated N95 filtering facepiece respirators","volume":"46","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"461","article-title":"Potential antimicrobial effects of photocatalytic nanothecnologies in hospital settings","volume":"31","author":"Margarucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"European Union (2021, June 07). Biocidal Products Regulation (EU) 528\/regulation (eu) no 528\/2012 of the european parliament and of the council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:02012R0528-20140425&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.009","article-title":"Fluorinated TiO2 as an ambient light-activated virucidal surface coating material for the control of human norovirus","volume":"140","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Dizaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04134","article-title":"Understandng the antimicrobial mechanism of TiO2-based nanocomposite films in a pathogenic bacterium","volume":"4","author":"Arribas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.517","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic\u2013resistant Klebsiella and Escherichia coli in nursing homes","volume":"281","author":"Wiener","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1039\/b711748p","article-title":"Numeration methods for targeting photoactive materials in the UV-A photocatalytic removal of microorganisms","volume":"37","author":"Josset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.504","article-title":"Even free radicals should follow some rules: A guide to free radical re-search terminology and methodology","volume":"78","author":"Forman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0376-8","article-title":"Critical review of the safety assessment of titanium dioxide additives in food","volume":"16","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2478\/v10019-011-0037-0","article-title":"Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe?","volume":"45","author":"Skocaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2000). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical Agents, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), Younes, M., Aquilina, G., Castle, L., Engel, K., Fowler, P., Fernandez, M.J.F., F\u00fcrst, P., Gundert-Remy, U., and G\u00fcrtler, R. (2021). Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J., 19, e06585."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2019). EFSA Statement on the Review of the Risks Related to the Exposure to the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E 171) Performed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES). EFSA J., 17, e05714.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5714"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111658","article-title":"Multifunctional TiO2\/SBA-15 mesoporous silica hybrids loaded with organic sunscreens for skin application: The role in photoprotection and pollutant adsorption with reduced sunscreen permeation","volume":"202","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.05.017","article-title":"Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 1: Changing regulations and choices for optimal sun protection","volume":"7","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01706-6","article-title":"Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles ex-posure on human health\u2014A review","volume":"193","author":"Szwajgier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0161-2","article-title":"Weight of epidemiological evidence for titanium dioxide risk as-sessment: Current state and further needs","volume":"30","author":"Canu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02618","article-title":"COVID-19: A Call for Physical Scientists and Engineers","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2002019","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202002019","article-title":"Rethinking nano-TiO2 Safety: Overview of toxic effects in humans and aquatic animals","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2021.101077","article-title":"Face masks and nanotechnology: Keep the blue side up","volume":"37","author":"Palmieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105095","article-title":"Untouchability of natural spa waters: Perspectives for treatments within a personalized water safety plan","volume":"133","author":"Margarucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.025","article-title":"Engineered ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and DNA damage leading to reduced viability of Escherichia coli","volume":"51","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03995-13","article-title":"TiO 2 photocatalysis damages lipids and proteins in escherichia coli","volume":"80","author":"Hamon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Li, J., Ma, S., Liu, G., Yang, K., Tong, M., and Lin, D. (2014). Toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to escherichia coli: Effects of particle size, crystal phase and water chemistry. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110247"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2021, June 07). ISO 20743:2013 Textiles\u2014Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Textile Products. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/59586.html."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.10.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of pathogenic microbes: State of the art","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2021, March 03). Using Face Masks in the Community: First Update. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/covid-19-face-masks-community-first-update.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA10009A","article-title":"A comprehensive review on antimicrobial face masks: An emerging weapon in fighting pandemics","volume":"11","author":"Pullangott","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2019.16757","article-title":"Effect of size and crystalline phase of TiO\u2082 nanoparticles on photocatalytic inactivation of escherichia coli","volume":"19","author":"Pathakoti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0729-2","article-title":"Inhibition of bacteria by photocatalytic nano-TiO2 particles in the absence of light","volume":"12","author":"Erdem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.04.015","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of surgical masks coated with nanoparticles","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi, J., Dunowska, M., Wu, S., and Brightwell, G. (2020). Control measures for SARS-CoV-2: A review on light-based inactivation of single-stranded RNA viruses. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090737"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.08.008","article-title":"Nanoparticles and their antimicrobial properties against pathogens including bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses","volume":"823","author":"Khezerlou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201800874","article-title":"Recent progress on titanium dioxide nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications","volume":"11","author":"Nasr","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashimoto, S. (2019). Titanium-dioxide-based visible-light-sensitive photocatalysis: Mechanistic insight and applications. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9020201"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2020.1780332","article-title":"The impact of nanotechnology in the current universal COVID-19 crisis. Let\u2019s not forget nanosafety!","volume":"14","author":"Valdiglesias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2017.1311766","article-title":"Development of antibacterial fabrics by treatment with Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Aksit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/cote.12348","article-title":"Microwave-assisted preparation of pyrite and its sensitisation of titani-um dioxide in self-cleaning aramid fabrics","volume":"134","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coloration Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halimi, S.U., Abu Bakar, N.F., Ismail, S.N., Hashib, S.A., and Naim, M.N. (2014). Electrospray deposition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4866730"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00357","article-title":"Fabrication of visible light-induced antibacterial and self-cleaning cotton fabrics using manganese doped TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"1","author":"Zahid","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03710","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibacterial textile cotton fiber construction based on ZnO\u2013TiO2 nanorods template","volume":"6","author":"Rilda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-1694-6","article-title":"A new method for in situ synthesis of Ag\u2013TiO2 nanocomposite particles on polyester\/cellulose fabric by photoreduction and self-cleaning properties","volume":"25","author":"Mahdieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2015.0053","article-title":"Effect of plasma treatment on self-cleaning of textile fabric using titanium dioxide","volume":"10","author":"Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micro Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1021\/am1005089","article-title":"Photocatalytic self cleaning textile fibers by coaxial electrospinning","volume":"2","author":"Bedford","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517510376265","article-title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan coating to block photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1002\/app.23830","article-title":"Anti-ultraviolet and physical properties of woolen fabrics cured with citric acid and TiO2\/chitosan","volume":"100","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (2021, July 10). Opinion on Titanium Dioxide (nano form) Coated with Cetyl Phosphate, Manganese Dioxide or Triethoxycaprylylsilane as UV-Filter in Dermally Applied Cosmetic and Corrigendum. The SCCS Adopted This Opinion by Written Procedure on 22 July 2013. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/sites\/default\/files\/scientific_committees\/consumer_safety\/docs\/sccs_o_238.pdf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.06.005","article-title":"Benchmark study on fine-mode aerosol in a big urban area and relevant doses deposited in the human respiratory tract","volume":"216","author":"Avino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111648","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and its implications on the environment","volume":"201","author":"Caruso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01070-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01070-20","article-title":"Monitoring COVID-19 transmission risks by quantitative real-time PCR tracing of droplets in hospital and living environments","volume":"6","author":"Piana","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8662\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:14Z","timestamp":1760165114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18168662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168662","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]}}}