{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:28:06Z","timestamp":1783693686392,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Research on Cross-Cultural Economic Behavior of Central Asian Chinese: Perspective of Multiculturalism","award":["19BSH115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BSH115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health problems have increased and are likely to be influenced by personality traits. The present study investigated the association between personality traits and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) symptoms, and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms) through the person-centered approach because this has some advantages over the variable-centered approach. The data were collected from a sample of 765 Chinese citizens who participated in an online survey in October 2020. Latent profile analysis identified three latent personality profiles\u2014highly adaptive, adaptive, and maladaptive. Highly adaptive individuals had higher extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and lower neuroticism, while maladaptive individuals had lower extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and higher neuroticism. Multivariate analysis of variance results showed that individuals with highly adaptive profiles had lower anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms compared to individuals with adaptive and maladaptive profiles. The findings of the present study indicate mental health professionals would benefit from formulated intervention plans given the association between latent personality profiles and mental health problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T21:27:40Z","timestamp":1629235660000},"page":"8693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Mental Health and Personality Traits during COVID-19 in China: A Latent Profile Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"School of Education, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Zahir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8403-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatema Akhter","family":"Hiramoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Sheikh Hasina University, Netrokona 2400, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aibao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oli","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102092","article-title":"Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Worldometer (2020, December 06). China Coronavirus Cases. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/china\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102256","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health: Preserving humanity, maintaining sanity, and promoting health","volume":"51","author":"Tandon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, January 17). Coronavirus: 4.5 Billion People Confined. Available online: https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/news\/coronavirus-4-5-billion-people-confined-01587139808."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Denworth, L. (2020, November 27). The Biggest Psychological Experiment in History is Running Now. Scientific American. Available online: https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/interactive\/the-biggest-psychological-experiment-in-history-is-running-now\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1562","article-title":"The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing","volume":"180","author":"Galea","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S264286","article-title":"The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Semo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wan, W. (2021, January 22). The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. Washington Post, Available online: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2020\/05\/04\/mental-health-coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30491-0","article-title":"The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders: A longitudinal study of three Dutch case-control cohorts","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zortea, T.C., Brenna, C.T.A., Joyce, M., McClelland, H., Tippett, M., Tran, M.M., Arensman, E., Corcoran, P., Hatcher, S., and Heisel, M.J. (2020). The Impact of Infectious Disease-Related Public Health Emergencies on Suicide, Suicidal Behavior, and Suicidal Thoughts. Crisis, 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.037","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of the association between COVID-19 and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the U.S","volume":"134","author":"Ammerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2281","article-title":"Psychological and behavioural responses to coronavirus disease 2019: The role of personality","volume":"35","author":"Aschwanden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutin, A.R., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Lee, J.H., Sesker, A.A., Strickhouser, J.E., and Terracciano, A. (2020). Change in five-factor model personality traits during the acute phase of the coronavirus pandemic. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ja7b5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023859","article-title":"Conscientiousness and longevity: An examination of possible mediators","volume":"30","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.3.547","article-title":"Universal features of personality traits from the observer\u2019s perspective: Data from 50 cultures","volume":"88","author":"McCrae","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000038","article-title":"Personality and the leading behavioral contributors of mortality","volume":"34","author":"Turiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12007","article-title":"Association of personality with the development and persistence of obesity: A meta-analysis based on individual\u2014Participant data","volume":"14","author":"Jokela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00331.x","article-title":"Personality and pathways of influence on physical health","volume":"5","author":"Kern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2229","article-title":"Loneliness and the Big Five Personality Traits: A Meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Buecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550620952576","article-title":"Who Is mpacted? Personality predicts individual differences in psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Modersitzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110351","article-title":"Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy","volume":"168","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02891.x","article-title":"History of the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease is linked to normal variation in personality traits","volume":"9","author":"Realo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419887184","article-title":"A new look at neuroticism: Should we worry so much about worrying?","volume":"29","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2008.05.002","article-title":"Extraversion and positive affect: A day reconstruction study of person\u2014environment transactions","volume":"42","author":"Srivastava","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2101","article-title":"Why are extraverts more satisfied? Personality, social experiences, and subjective well-being in college","volume":"31","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1531","article-title":"Personality effects on social relationships","volume":"74","author":"Asendorpf","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.1.138","article-title":"Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being","volume":"134","author":"Steel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Keiser, C. (2020, November 28). How the Big Five Personality Traits Predicted COVID Shelter-in-Place Compliance (4 November 2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/personality-and-shelter-in-place-compliance-5085423."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadler, M., Niepel, C., Botes, E., D\u00f6rendahl, J., Krieger, F., and Greiff, S. (2020). Individual Psychological Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Different Clusters and Their Relation to Risk-Reducing Behavior. arXiv.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/k8unc"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2020-0029","article-title":"Personality differences and COVID-19: Are extroversion and conscientiousness personality traits associated with engagement with containment measures?","volume":"42","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550620936439","article-title":"Adaptive and Dark Personality in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Predicting Health-Behavior Endorsement and the Appeal of Public-Health Messages","volume":"12","author":"Blagov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000891","article-title":"Demographic, personality, and social cognition correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence in a U.S. sample","volume":"39","author":"Bogg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., Cooper, M.L., and Larsen, R.J. (2015). Person-centered approaches to personality. APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 4. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/14343-000"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"551","article-title":"Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Little","year":"2013","journal-title":"the Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.10.058","article-title":"Validation of the four-profile configuration of personality types within the Five-Factor Model","volume":"106","author":"Isler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.1.157","article-title":"Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types","volume":"70","author":"Robins","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/per.408","article-title":"Carving personality description at its joints: Confirmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults","volume":"15","author":"Asendorpf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1002\/per.449","article-title":"Evaluating cluster analysis solutions: An application to the Italian NEO personality inventory","volume":"16","author":"Barbaranelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1002\/per.450","article-title":"Replicable types and subtypes of personality: Spanish NEO-PI samples","volume":"16","author":"Boehm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.07.005","article-title":"Resilients, overcontrollers and undercontrollers: A systematic review of the utility of a personality typology method in understanding adult mental health problems","volume":"57","author":"Bohane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.07.002","article-title":"Prospective investigation of a PTSD personality typology among individuals with personality disorders","volume":"53","author":"Shea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001.30.4.181","article-title":"An investigation of personality types within the HEXACO personality framework","volume":"30","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.08.003","article-title":"Taking a person-centered approach to personality: A latent-profile analysis of the HEXACO model of personality","volume":"70","author":"Daljeet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2054","article-title":"Self\u2014Regulation and Personality Profiles: Empirical Development, Longitudinal Stability and Predictive Ability","volume":"30","author":"Isler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1002\/per.448","article-title":"The replicability and utility of three personality types","volume":"16","author":"Costa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/per.492","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions","volume":"17","author":"Asendorpf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0022","article-title":"Predictive validity of personality types versus personality dimensions from early childhood to adulthood: Implications for the distinction between core and surface traits","volume":"52","author":"Asendorpf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Q."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii-109","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.00242","article-title":"Personality and development in childhood: A person-centered approach","volume":"68","author":"Hart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854808328331","article-title":"Personality prototypes in adult offenders","volume":"36","author":"Herzberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/per.494","article-title":"The relation between personality and prejudice: A variable- and a person-centred approach","volume":"17","author":"Ekehammar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110873","article-title":"COVID-19 fear, stress, sleep quality and coping activities during lockdown, and personality traits: A person-centered approach analysis","volume":"178","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.2.139.23991","article-title":"Personality and anxiety disorders: A review","volume":"17","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0061-8","article-title":"Personality and anxiety disorders","volume":"8","author":"Brandes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540","article-title":"Personality and depression: Explanatory models and review of the evidence","volume":"7","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"256","article-title":"The role of personality traits in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbp.2012.03.002","article-title":"Temperament and character dimensions and their relationship to major depression and panic disorder","volume":"34","author":"Mochcovitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113213","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with OCD: Effects of contamination symptoms and remission state before the quarantine in a preliminary naturalistic study","volume":"291","author":"Davide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30222-4","article-title":"Recognising and addressing the impact of COVID-19 on obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"7","author":"Shafran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lochner, C., Seedat, S., du Toit, P.L., Nel, D.G., Niehaus, D.J., Sandler, R., and Stein, D.J. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: A phenomenological comparison. BMC Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-5-2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.2.181","article-title":"Structure of anxiety and the anxiety disorders: A hierarchical model","volume":"105","author":"Zinbarg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Wang, B.D. (2013). A Study on the Application of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in Patients with Malignant Tumors. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, Central South University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Herman, D.S., Huska, J.A., and Keane, T.M. (1993, January 1). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (Trauma 1993, Coping, and Adaptation), San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"6","article-title":"The research on the reliability and validity of PCL-C and influence factors","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development 1989, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Chunyan, Z. (2014). Study on False Feedback Processing Characteristics and Neural Mechanisms in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. [Ph.D. Thesis, Anhui Medical University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","article-title":"Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German","volume":"41","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Big Five personality and impulsive buying: The mediation of self-control and sensation seeking","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309","article-title":"Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne, B.M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315757421"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.12.002","article-title":"A latent profile analysis of the Five Factor Model of personality: A constructive replication and extension","volume":"139","author":"Fisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.10.029","article-title":"Personality profiles: Using latent profile analysis to model personality typologies","volume":"122","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.07.022","article-title":"A latent profile analysis of the Five Factor Model of personality: Modeling trait interactions","volume":"51","author":"Merz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2007.02.003","article-title":"A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model","volume":"41","author":"Musek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musek, J. (2017). The General Factor of Personality, Academic Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.31820\/pt.26.1.4"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.44.s19","article-title":"Theories of general personality and mental disorder","volume":"182","author":"Duggan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.039","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health","volume":"76","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20026","article-title":"Anxiety and depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality: A higher- and lower-order personality trait investigation in a community sample","volume":"20","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2010.02.004","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between personality traits and problem behavior symptoms in adolescence","volume":"44","author":"Klimstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.10.024","article-title":"Delay in seeking medical evaluations and predictors of self-efficacy among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer: A longitudinal study","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.133","article-title":"Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: Latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis","volume":"277","author":"Crivelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1348\/135910701169232","article-title":"Personality and coping traits: A joint factor analysis","volume":"6","author":"Ferguson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, E.G., and Cardwell, J.M. (2020). The big Five personality traits, perfectionism and their association with mental health among UK students on professional degree programmes. BMC Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00423-3"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00938","article-title":"What does personality mean in the context of mental health? A topic modeling approach based on abstracts published in Pubmed over the last 5 years","volume":"10","author":"Sperandeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00063520","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00063520","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals","volume":"36","author":"Ornell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cadernos De Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gloster, A.T., Lamnisos, D., Lubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., Papacostas, S., Ayd\u0131n, G., and Chong, Y.Y. (2020). Impact of covid-19 pandemic on mental health: An international study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244809"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:48Z","timestamp":1760165148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18168693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]}}}