{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:02:14Z","timestamp":1790470934407,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 lockdown increased the day-to-day challenges faced by parents, and thereby may have increased parental burnout risk. Therefore, identifying parental burnout protection factors is essential. This study aimed to assess the protective role of the following factors which can be increased through mindfulness practice: trait mindfulness, self-compassion, and concrete vs. abstract ruminations. A total of 459 parents (Mage = 40; 98.7% female) completed self-reported questionnaires at two-time points to assess the predictive role of mindfulness on parental burnout, self-compassion and rumination type, and the mediating role of self-compassion and rumination type in the relation between mindfulness and parental burnout. Results showed that trait mindfulness, self-compassion, and rumination type at Time 1 predicted levels of parental burnout at Time 2. Self-compassion (indirect effects: b = \u2212\u200922, 95% CI = [\u221238, \u221205], p &lt; 0.01), concrete ruminations (indirect effects: b = \u221220, 95% CI = [\u221232, \u221209], p &lt;\u20090.001), and abstract ruminations (indirect effects: b = \u22120.54, 95% CI = [\u221271, \u221237], p &lt; 0.001) partially mediated the relation between trait-mindfulness and parental burnout. These findings showed that trait mindfulness, self-compassion, and concrete (vs. abstract) ruminations may help prevent parental burnout in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results contribute to the field of research on parental burnout prevention and will allow for the development of effective approaches to mental health promotion in parents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"8811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Self-Compassion and Rumination Type Mediate the Relation between Mindfulness and Parental Burnout"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9751-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine","family":"Paucsik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, LIP\/PC2S, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, LIP\/PC2S, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Leys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Psychologie Sociale et Interculturelle, University Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilios","family":"Kotsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Psychologie Sociale et Interculturelle, University Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Chair of Economic Peace, Mindfulness, and Well-Being at Work, Grenoble Ecole de Management, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Baeyens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, LIP\/PC2S, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Shankland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Economic Peace, Mindfulness, and Well-Being at Work, Grenoble Ecole de Management, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire DIPHE, University Lumi\u00e8re Lyon 2, 69676 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02198.x","article-title":"Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"100","author":"Norberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00758","article-title":"A Step Forward in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Parental Burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA)","volume":"9","author":"Roskam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20376","article-title":"Parental burnout: Moving the focus from children to parents","volume":"2020","author":"Mikolajczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00163","article-title":"Exhausted Parents: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Parental Burnout Inventory","volume":"8","author":"Roskam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallsten, L. (2005). Burnout and wornout: Concepts and data from a national survey. Research Companion to Organizational Health Psychology, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781845423308.00044"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsaa093","article-title":"Parenting-Related Exhaustion during the Italian COVID-19 Lockdown","volume":"45","author":"Marchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000672","article-title":"The Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Parents: A Call to Adopt Urgent Measures","volume":"12","author":"Fontanesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, A.K. (2020). Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Fam. Violence, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00172-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00886","article-title":"A Theoretical and Clinical Framework for Parental Burnout: The Balance between Risks and Resources (BR2)","volume":"9","author":"Mikolajczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-1058-1","article-title":"Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders and Mindfulness-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-analysis and Meta-Regression of Multiple Outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Manfro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2010.47.5.345","article-title":"Effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Program on Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"47","author":"Joo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.006","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies","volume":"31","author":"Keng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.08.003","article-title":"How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?","volume":"48","author":"Kuyken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-010-0017-2","article-title":"Does Mindfulness Meditation Enhance Attention? A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"1","author":"Semple","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.2.109","article-title":"Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention","volume":"7","author":"Jha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M., and Teasdale, J.D. (2013). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1037\/032287","article-title":"Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness","volume":"37","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contemp. Psychol. A J. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12216","article-title":"Improving Mental Health and Well-Being through Informal Mindfulness Practices: An Intervention Study","volume":"13","author":"Shankland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.12.044","article-title":"From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness","volume":"81","author":"Kiken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110955","article-title":"Trait mindfulness is negatively associated with distress related to COVID-19","volume":"179","author":"Dillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610156","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.610156","article-title":"Stay Mindful and Carry on: Mindfulness Neutralizes COVID-19 Stressors on Work Engagement via Sleep Duration","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12473","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness for stress and burnout: A waiting list controlled pilot study comparing treatments for parents of children with chronic conditions","volume":"32","author":"Anclair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01602","article-title":"The role of compassion and mindfulness in building parental resilience when caring for children with chronic conditions: A conceptual model","volume":"10","author":"Cousineau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10478400701598298","article-title":"Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-020-09362-0","article-title":"The Mediating Role of Dispositional Mindfulness in the Relationship between Parental and Romantic Attachment","volume":"28","author":"Fall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adult Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"265","article-title":"Mindfulness and Rumination: Does Mindfulness Training Lead to Reductions in the Ruminative Thinking Associated with Depression?","volume":"5","author":"Deyo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Explor. J. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-013-0247-1","article-title":"Mindfulness, Self-compassion, Self-efficacy, and Gender as Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Well-being","volume":"6","author":"Soysa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1305","article-title":"Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)","volume":"26","author":"Birnie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2014.0281","article-title":"Are mindfulness and self-compassion associated with sleep and resilience in health professionals?","volume":"21","author":"Kemper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.26.3.270","article-title":"Mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction: Self-compassion and mindfulness as mediators of intervention outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Keng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2016.1171730","article-title":"Mechanisms of mindfulness: Rumination and self-compassion","volume":"69","author":"Svendsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nord. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","article-title":"Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.08.011","article-title":"Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression","volume":"25","author":"Sheppard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01607-1","article-title":"Risk Factors for Parental Burnout among Finnish Parents: The Role of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism","volume":"29","author":"Sorkkila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.12.006","article-title":"Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety","volume":"49","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.3.504","article-title":"The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety\/depressive symptoms","volume":"109","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.3.319","article-title":"Distinct modes of ruminative self-focus: Impact of abstract versus concrete rumination on problem solving in depression","volume":"5","author":"Watkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033185","article-title":"Validation de la version fran\u00e7aise d\u2019un questionnaire \u00e9valuant les pens\u00e9es r\u00e9p\u00e9titives constructives et non constructives","volume":"46","author":"Douilliez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1072-x","article-title":"The Association between Self-Critical Rumination and Parenting Stress: The Mediating Role of Mindful Parenting","volume":"27","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-016-0507-y","article-title":"Self-Compassion and Dispositional Mindfulness Are Associated with Parenting Styles and Parenting Stress: The Mediating Role of Mindful Parenting","volume":"7","author":"Gouveia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01099","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on symptom change, mindfulness, self-compassion, and rumination in clients with depression, anxiety, and stress","volume":"10","author":"Frostadottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203630","article-title":"GPOWER: A general power analysis program","volume":"28","author":"Erdfelder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","article-title":"The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0395-8","article-title":"Mindfulness: A systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO)","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027","article-title":"Self-Compassion Scale","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Barnard, P., Watkins, E., Mackintosh, B., and Nimmo-Smith, I. (2007, January 12\u201314). Getting stuck in a mental rut: Some process and experiential attributes. Proceedings of the 35th Congress of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies, Brighton, UK."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2021, August 18). The Jamovi Project (2021). Jamovi (Version 1.6) [Computer Software]. Sidney, Australia. Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702","article-title":"Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale","volume":"18","author":"Raes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-013-0209-7","article-title":"Mindful parenting in mental health care: Effects on parental and child psychopathology, parental stress, parenting, coparenting, and marital functioning","volume":"5","author":"Hellemans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12064","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents of young children with developmental delays: Implications for parental mental health and child behavior problems","volume":"27","author":"Neece","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-9978-x","article-title":"The Association of Parent Mindfulness with Parenting and Youth Psychopathology Across Three Developmental Stages","volume":"44","author":"Parent","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0319-z","article-title":"Mindfulness and Parenting: A Correlational Study of Non-meditating Mothers of Preschool Children","volume":"25","author":"Corthorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-017-9411-4","article-title":"Randomized Clinical Trial of Mindfulness Skills Augmentation in Parent Training","volume":"46","author":"Gershy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0440-5","article-title":"Mindful Parenting and Parents\u2019 Emotion Expression: Effects on Adolescent Risk Behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Turpyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.12.001","article-title":"The mindful family: A systemic approach to mindfulness, relational functioning, and somatic and mental health","volume":"28","author":"Bogels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2011.00643.x","article-title":"The contribution of mindfulness-based therapies for children and families and proposed conceptual integration","volume":"17","author":"Harnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bph077","article-title":"Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition","volume":"11","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-010-0021-6","article-title":"The Relationship between Mindfulness and Uncontrollability of Ruminative Thinking","volume":"1","author":"Raes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0709-y","article-title":"Emotion Regulation Mediates the Associations of Mindfulness on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in the General Population","volume":"8","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.09.004","article-title":"Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.047","article-title":"Acceptance alone is a better predictor of psychopathology and well-being than emotional competence, emotion regulation and mindfulness","volume":"226","author":"Kotsou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.567250","article-title":"The Effect of Concerns about COVID-19 on Anxiety, Stress, Parental Burnout, and Emotion Regulation: The Role of Susceptibility to Digital Emotion Contagion","volume":"8","author":"Prikhidko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.07.023","article-title":"The big five personality traits and parental burnout: Protective and risk factors","volume":"119","author":"Scola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000506354","article-title":"Treating Parental Burnout: Impact of Two Treatment Modalities on Burnout Symptoms, Emotions, Hair Cortisol, and Parental Neglect and Violence","volume":"89","author":"Brianda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirois, F.M., and Molnar, D.S. (2016). Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism. Perfectionism, Health, and Well-Being, Springer International Publishing\/Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18582-8"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031994","article-title":"Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults","volume":"122","author":"Michl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"33","article-title":"Self-compassion mediates the relationship between parental criticism and social anxiety","volume":"14","author":"Potter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Psychol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyne, L.W., Gould, E.R., Grimaldi, M., Wilson, K.G., Baffuto, G., and Biglan, A. (2020). First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion during COVID-19. Behav. Anal. Pract., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/pyge2"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860902979307","article-title":"Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults","volume":"9","author":"Neff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.35","article-title":"The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice","volume":"63","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20758","article-title":"Anxiety and depression among general population in China at the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.9","article-title":"One year after the COVID-19: What have welearnt, what shall we do next?","volume":"64","author":"Gorwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20768","article-title":"Addressing mental health needs: An integral part of COVID-19 response","volume":"19","author":"Ghebreyesus","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21923","article-title":"A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program","volume":"69","author":"Neff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.507","article-title":"Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach","volume":"13","author":"Gilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8811\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:48:18Z","timestamp":1760165298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/16\/8811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18168811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]}}}